Criminal and Citizen in Modern MexicoCriminal and Citizen in Modern Mexico explores elite notions of crime and criminality from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century. In Mexico these notions represented contested areas of the social terrain, places where generalized ideas about criminality transcended the individual criminal act to intersect with larger issues of class, race, gender, and sexuality. It was at this intersection that modern Mexican society bared its soul. Attitudes toward race amalgamation and indios, lower-class lifestyles and läperos, women and sexual deviance, all influenced perceptions of criminality and ultimately determined the fundamental issue of citizenship: who belonged and who did not. The liberal discourse of toleration and human rights, the positivist discourse of order and progress, the revolutionary discourse of social justice and integration sought in turn to disguise the exclusions of modern Mexican society behind a veil of criminality?to proscribe as criminal those activities that criminologists, penologists, and anthropologists clearly linked to marginalized social groups. This book attempts to lift that veil and to gaze, like Josä Guadalupe Posada, at the grinning calavera that it shields. |
Contents
CLASSIC CRIMINOLOGY Forging the Criminological Paradigm | 9 |
SCIENTIFIC CRIMINOLOGY Consolidating the Criminological Paradigm | 38 |
POPULAR CRIMINOLOGY The Female Offender | 64 |
REVOLUTIONARY REFORM Capitalist Development Prison Reform and Executive Power | 87 |
LOOKING FORWARD LOOKING BACK Judicial Discretion and the Legitimation of the Mexican State | 108 |
LOS JOTOS Contested Visions of Homosexuality | 130 |
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alcoholism Almaraz Andrés Molina anthropology antropología criminal argued Cesare Lombroso científico classes Código Penal concerns crime crimen en México criminal anthropologists criminal law criminal-justice system Criminalia criminological discourse criminology cultural degenerate deviance Díaz economic Ensayo especially Estudios de antropología Gamio gender Génesis del crimen Geografía y Estadística González Guerrero homosexual ideological included Indian indigenous inmates Islas Marías judicial justice Justo Sierra Lardizabal liberal lower-class criminality Macedo Manuel Manuel Gamio Martínez and Vergara Martínez de Castro ment mestizo Mexican criminal Mexican criminologists Mexican elites Mexican national Mexican Revolution Mexican society Mexicana de Geografía Mexico City modern Mora moral narrative nineteenth-century Obras Otero penal code penal colonies penitentiary penologists penology police political Porfirian Porfirio Díaz positivist post-revolutionary prison reform prostitution punishment race racial Revolution revolutionary Rocafuerte role Roumagnac Scardaville scientific sexual social Sociedad Mexicana Spanish subtext Teotihuacán tion tional traditional typical University Press women Zayas
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Page 1 - They have the traditions of an ancient civilization of their own. They are to be found among the lawyers, engineers, physicians, army officers and other professional men." Over the city drifted the smoke of many factories. "It is better than cannon smoke," I said. "Yes," he replied, "and yet there are times when cannon smoke is not such a bad thing. The toiling poor of my country have risen up to support me, but I cannot forget what my comrades in arms and their children have been to me in my severest...
Page 5 - Some of this conceptual haze is burned away, however, if it is realized that the peoples of the new states are simultaneously animated by two powerful, thoroughly interdependent, yet distinct and often actually opposed motives — the desire to be recognized as responsible agents whose wishes, acts, hopes, and opinions "matter," and the desire to build an efficient, dynamic modern state.
Page 2 - The creation of these artifacts toward the end of the eighteenth century was the spontaneous distillation of a complex 'crossing' of discrete historical forces," he notes, "but . . . once created, they became 'modular,' capable of being transplanted, with varying degrees of self-consciousness, to a great variety of social terrains...