(in the place of pence) is 81, set down 1 and carry 8; and 12 times 3 is 36, and 8 is 44, set down 4 and carry 4; and 12 times 9 is 108, and 4 is 112, set down 2 and carry 11; and 12 times 6 is 72, and 11 is 83, &c. Example. In 56 cwt. 2 qrs. 16lb. of tobacco, how many pounds weight? In the foregoing work, I must multiply the 56 cwt. by 4, and take in two quarters; and then I multiply the 226 qrs. by 28, saying, 8 times 6 is 48, and 6 (the unit figure in the odd pounds) is 54, set down 4, and carry 5, &c. then I multiply by 2, saying, twice 6 is 12, and 1 (that stands in the place of the tens in the odd pounds) is 13, set down 3, and carry 1, &c. then adding the two products together, they make 6344lb. contained in the 56 cwt. 2 qrs. 16lb. as in the work. Reduction Ascending is the bringing numbers from a lesser denomination to a greater, and is the reverse of Reduction Descending; and each may serve as a proof to the other, one being performed by Multiplication, and the other by Division. Note, That when at any time in Reduction Descending you take in, or add to, the odd money, weight, or measure, as you multiply the several denominations, such quantities will be the remainders in Reduction Ascending. 4 Examples by the two foregoing Sums. In 332966 farthings, how many pounds? 12) 83241 210) 69316-9d. 346-16s. So that in 352996 farthings, there are 3467. 16s. 94d. and is a sure proof of the foregoing work descending. Again, In 6344 pounds weight, how many hundreds weight? 4) 28) 6344 (226 qrs. 56.. 74 56 56 C. 2 qrs. taken in. 184 168 (16) remain pounds taken in. So that in 6344 pounds weight, there is 56 C. 2 qrs. 16lb. and proves the foregoing examples descending to be right. Now follow promiscuous examples of both kinds of Reduction, one proving the other. In 2767. 12s. how many pence? 20 5532 12 12) In 66384d.howmany pounds? 210) 55312 Ans. 276l. 12s. and proof. 66384d. Answer. In 456 C. 3 qrs. 27lb. of copper, how many pounds? 4 1827 28 14623 3656 51183 Bring 4796 ells Flemish into ells English; multiply by 3, and 3 divide by 5, because 3 quarters make an ell Flemish, and 5 an ell English. 5) 14383 2877 Reduce 456 ells English into yards; multiply by 5, and divide by 4, thus: English ells 456 Answer and Proof. Bring 130 tuns of wine into gallons. 4 hogsheads 1 tun. 13558 pecks in 42 lasts, 3 qrs. 5 bushels, and 2 pecks. Lasts 42 3 quarters taken in. Answer, 42 lasts, 3 quarters, 5 bushels, and 2 pecks. EXCHANGE Is the reduction of different coins or any denomination of money from one to another: or it is the method of finding how many of one species or denomination are equal to a given number of another; in order to which it is necessary to know the value of the coins of different countries and the proportion to each other according to the settled rate of exchange. The several operations in this case are only different applications of the Rule of Three, The par of exchange is the intrinsic value of the different species of money on the continent, equalized to those of England, and vice versa; thus the par between England and Ireland is 81 8 per cent. or, 1081. 6s. Sd. Irish, are equal to 1001. English; the English shilling being current in that country for 13d. consequently the pound sterling is 11. 1s. 8d. therefore when the exchange from London on Dublin is 121. per cent. there is a profit or saving of 31. 13s. 4d. per cent. on every 1001. sterling remitted to Ireland. The course of exchange, fluctuates and is chiefly governed by the balance of trade for or against the negociating parties; sothat when the exchange is above par, the balance of trade is against them, and when it is under par, it is in their favour. We shall now give some examples of the operations of exchange between London and those places with which she has a direct exchange. Monies of exchange and regulations with regard to London. 20 shillings, or 240 pence. 12 pence, or 48 farthings. A pound A shilling Accounts are kept in pounds, shillings, and pence; some reckon farthings. Value of usances for bills drawn from France, Hamburgh, and Holland Portugal and Spain 1 month after date. 2 months after date. 3 months after date. There are three days of grace, which begin the day after the bills are due, and on the third day they must be paid or protested. London.-Course of Exchange. Uncertain prices. Certain prices. Amsterdam giv. 37 shillings Flemish for 1 pound sterling. giv. 110 pounds Irish for 100 pounds British. Dublin France Idem giv. 25 livres tournois for 1 pound sterling. for 1 pound sterling. Genoa for 1 pezza fuori di banco. rec. 46 pence sterling Hamburgh giv. 35 shillings Flemish for 1 pound sterling. rec. 50 pence sterling rec. 63 pence sterling Leghorn Naples rec. 39 pence sterling Portugal Spain Rotterdam giv. 12 florins current rec. 36 pence sterling giv. 58 lire piccole Venice for 1 pezza of 8 reals. for 1 pound sterling. N. B. As Bourdeaux and Bayonne exchange with London, by franes, it is thought expedient to include the calculation of this exchange under the head of France. London on Amsterdam. Reduce 4806 florins, 4 stivers, 6 penings banco into pounds, shillings, and pence sterling, at the exchange of 38 shillings 2 grotes Flemish banco per pound sterling. Rule.-Multiply 4086 4 6 by 40 grotes, divide the product by 58 2, price of exchange, and by 12 grotes. N. B. when the price of exchange consists of shillings Flemish only, multiply the sum by 10 instead of 40, and multiply the price of exchange by 3 instead of 12. London on France. Reduce 3222 livres 2 sols 9 deniers tournois into pounds, shillings, and pence sterling, at the exchange of 25 livre 14 sols tournois per pound sterling. |