able houfes in the time of Henry the Eighth, but in the fifth volume of the Archæologia we have feveral other particulars relative to that king's garden, at his favourite and magnificent palace of Nonfuch. Thefe circumstances appear in a furvey taken in the year 1650, when it probably continued in exactly the same state as it was at the death of Henry the Eighth. It is herein ftated to have been cut out and divided into feveral allies, quarters, and rounds, fet about with thorn hedges. On the north fide was a kitchen garden, very commodious, and furrounded with a brick wall of fourteen feet high. On the weft was a wilderness, fevered from the little park by the hedge, the whole containing ten acres. In the privy garden were pyramids, fountains, and bafons of marble, one of which is fet round with fix lelack trees, which trees bear no fruite, but only a very pleafaunte flower. In the privy garden were also one hundred and forty fruit trees, two yews, one juniper, and fix lelacks. In the kitchen garden were seventy-two fruit trees, and one time tree. Laftly, before this palace, was a neate and haundfome bowling-green, furrounded with a balluftrade of free ftone. In this garden, therefore, at Nonfuch, we find many fuch ornaments of old English gardening, as prevailed till the modern talte was introduced by Kent. During the reign of queen Elizabeth, there was an Italian. who vifited England, and published, in 1586, a thick volume of Latin poems, divided into feveral books. This poet styles himself Meliffus. In this collection there is a poem on the royal garden, one ftanza of which defcribes a labyrinth, and it thould feem from the following lines, that her majefty was curious in flowers, and perhaps a botanift. • Cultor herbarum, memor atque florum, And again, Non opis noftræ frutices ad unguem During the reign of this queen, Hentzner informs us, that there was in the privy garden a jet d'eau, which by turning of the cock, wetted all the fpectators who were standing near it. • Liberneau, who wrote his Maifon Ruftique about the fame time, advises arbours of jeffamine or rofes, box, juniper, and cyprefs, to be introduced into gardens, and gives fome wooden plates of forms for parterres, and labyrinths, The fame tafte prevailed in Spain and Italy. N 4 ⚫ James James the First built, or at least improved, the palace of Theobalds, to which he likewife added a garden, thus defcribed by Mandelflo, a traveller who vifited England in 1640. "It is large and fquare, having all its walls covered with fillery, and a beautiful jet d'eau in the centre. The parterre hath many pleafant walks, many of which are planted on the fides with efpaliers, and others arched over. Some of the trees are limes and elms, and at the end is a small mount called the Mount of Venus, which is placed in the midft of a labyrinth, and is upon the whole, one of the most beautiful spots in the world." This fame traveller describes alfo the garden at Greenwich (much improved by James the Firft), in which he mentions a tatue pouring water from a cornu copiæ, and a grotto. About the fame time Mandelfio vifited Bruffels, and informs us that in the midst of a lake adjoining to the palace, there is a fquare houfe built upon pillars, which perhaps was one of the first fummer-houfes in fuch a fituation. • Charles the Firft is well known to have been in the earlier part of his reign an encourager of the elegant arts; but I have not happened to meet with any proofs of attention to the gardens of his palaces, if the appointing Parkinfon to be his herbarift be excepted, which office, it is believed, was first created by this king. Improvements of the fame kind were little to be expected from the commonwealth, or Cromwell; but Charles the Second being fond both of playing at mall, and walking in St. James's Park, planted fome rows of limes, and dug the canal, both which fill remain. He alfo covered the central walk with cockle fhells, and inftituted the office of cockle-frewer. It was fo well kept during this reign that Waller calls it "the polished mall." He alfo mentions that Charles the Second (probably from this circumftance) was able to ftrike the ball more than half the length of the walk. Lord Capel feems to have been the first person of confequence in England, who was at much expence in his gardens, and having brought over with him many new fruits from France, he planted them at Kew. Lord Effex had the fame taste, and fent his gardener Rose to study the then much celebrated beauties of Verfailles. Upon Rofe's return, Charles the Second appointed him royal gardener, when he planted fuch famous dwarfs at Hampton Court, Carlton, and Marlborough Gardens, that London (who was Rofe's apprentice) challenges all Europe to produce the like. I fhould rather conceive that this king had the first hot and ice-houfe (which generally accompany each other) ever built in England, as at the inftallation dinner given at Windfor, on the twenty-third of April 1667, there were cherries, ftrawber-" ries, and ice-creams.' Our Our author afterwards mentions the royal gardens at Hampton Court, Richmond, and Kenfington; and, though a lover of antiquities, his good tafte leads him to approve of the fafhion which has been introduced into gardening by Kent. The true teft of perfection in a modern garden, fays he, is, that a landscape painter would choose it for a compofition.' Art. XIII. A Difquifition on the Lows or Barrows in the Peak of Derbyshire, particularly that capital Monument called Arbelows. By the Rev. Mr. Pegge.-Mr. Pegge does not venture to determine to what nation, British, Roman, Saxon, or Danish, thofe Lows ought juftly to be afcribed; but he is firmly of opinion that the principal monument is Britishí, and had been intended for a place of worship. Art. XIV. Oblervations on the Dundalk Ship Temple. By Thomas Pownall, Efq.-Mr. Pownall's conjecture, which he fubmitted to the antiquaries of Dublin, was, that this Ship Temple is the symbol of the facred Skidbladner, built by the Nani; and in fupport of this opinion he mentions the interpretation of the name, which fignifies a building founded in the Nanic inftitutions. But another opinion on this fubject is suggested by the Rev. Mr. Ledwich, vicar of Aghaboe in Ireland. Art. XV. Extract of a Letter from the Rev. Dr. Percy, Bishop of Dromore in Ireland, to the Rev. Dr. Lort, on fome large Foffil Horns.-The fubject of this fhort extract induces us to lay it before our readers. I have lately purchased a pair of the largest foffil horns, I believe, ever found in Ireland, with fome of the bones of that enormous race of deer which are dug up in the ftrata of marle that lye beneath our bogs. I do not find that they are difcovered in the bogs themselves, but generally in the marle-pits which are opened after the peat-grafs is removed. One of these horns meafures from the root at its infertion in the fcull, to the tip of its remotest branch, seven feet and one inch; the other fix feet and nine inches; to which add the interval of four inches in the fcull between their roots, and the distance from the tip of one horn to the tip of the other is fourteen feet four inches. The fcull, which is intire, meafures from the end of the vertebræ of the neck to the tip of the nofe twenty-three inches; the breadth of the forehead above the eyes is eleven inches and one-fourth. I have the thigh-bone, which is much larger than that of an ox, as is the blade-bone of the fhoulder. I believe thefe horns differ not only in magnitude but in form from thofe of any fpecies of deer now found in the world, certainly from the moofe-deer and elk. The bishop of Clonfert, Dr. Law, tells me, he heard a gentleman from India speak of an an enormous deer, ftill found in Tartary, to the north and weft of China, which have been thought to have been the fame with ours. It is remarkable that no history, no tradition, no fable, of the most ancient Irish bards, ever contains the mol distant allufion or flighteft mention of these gigantic animals. Lord Moira tells me, that he lately fent over fome of the bones of this animal to be examined by fome gentlemen of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies; and that the refult of the enquiry was, that it was a non-existent animal. All here agree that thole in my poffeffion are the largest yet known, as few have ever been found that have extended beyond twelve feet. I lately got another large pair, with the fcull of the animal intire, which, from its decayed teeth, appeared to have died of old age, yet they meafured, with the fcull, but eleven feet and four inches.' Art. XVI. Conjectures on the Name of the Roman Station Vinovium or Binchefter. By John Cade, Efq.-From feveral antiquities dug up at Bincheiter, Mr. Cade apprehends that this place was facred to Bacchus, and that it derived its name Vinomium, from the feftivals in honour of that deity. Art. XVII. Further Observations on the early Irish antiquities. By Thomas Pownall, Efq.-Thefe obiervations are contained in extracts of letters from colonel Vallancy, who has employed himself much in the contemplation of Irish antiquities. Art. XVIII. Defcription of a Second Roman Pig of Lead found in Derbyshire; now in the Poffeffion of Mr. Adam Wol, ley, of Matlock, in that County, with Remarks. By Samuel Pegge. A particular circumftance accompanying this pig of lead is, that on the furface there appear a great many fmall particles of brafs.. The infcription is Lucius Aruconius Verecundus Lundinenfis. That is, in the opinion of Mr. Pegge, The property of Lucius Aruconius Verecundus, lead-merchant of London.' The infcription certainly affords an argument that the lead-mines of Derbyshire were worked at a remote period. Art. XIX. A further Account of fome Druidical Remains in Derbyshire. By Hayman Rooke, Efq.-These remains, fituated principally on Hatherfage Moor in the high Peak, not far from the road which leads from Sheffield to Man chefter, are called Cair's work. It is about two hundred yards in length, and fixty-one in width. It includes a hill precipitous all round, except at the north end, where stands a wall of finglar conftruction. It is near three feet thick, and confifts of three rows of large ftones. On the top are other large ftones, fet obliquely endways. The infide is filled with earth and ftones, which form the vallum, and flope inwards twenty twenty-five feet. The height of the wall to the top of the floping ftones, is nine feet four inches. The principal entrance feems to have been at the east end of the wall, and a fmaller one on the weft fide. The area of this work is full of rocks and large ftones, fome of which are rocking-stones. On the eaft fide of this work is a stone measuring thirteen feet fix inches in length. It hangs over a precipice, and is fupported by two fmall ftones. Thefe, fays Mr, Rooke, plainly appear to have been fixed by art. On the top is a large rock bason four feet three inches diameter, close to which, on the fouth fide, is an hollow, cut like a chair, with a step to reft the feet upon. This, the country people fay, has always been called Cair's chair; from whence we may fuppofe this to have been a feat of justice, where the principal Druid fat, who, being contiguous to the rock-bafon, might have recourfe to appearances in the water, in doubtful cafes. It is natural, therefore, to imagine, from the many facred erections, that this place must have been intended for holy uses, or a court of justice.' Art. XX. Remarks on the preceding Article. By Mr. Bray. [To be continued.] Elays on the Origin of Society, Language, Property, Government, Jurifdiction, Contracts, and Marriage. Interfperfed with Illuftrations from the Greek and Galic Languages, By James Grant, Efq. Advocate. 4to. 75. 6d. Robinson. 'HE fubjects of thefe Effays have often exercised the talents THE of fpeculative writers, and, in point of chronological order, have a claim to the earliest investigations that prefent themfelves to philofophical enquiry. In tracing the Origin of Society, the author of the work before us very properly commences with exhibiting the primitive state of the first parents of mankind. But this happy period proving of fhort duration, there arose a neceffity of calling into action thofe faculties with which the human race was endowed. To guard against ravenous animals, and to fecure a defence from the inclemencies of the weather, were objects which would foon excite the ingenuity of the late inhabitants of Paradife. Man must therefore have very early employed his art in building himself a cottage, or have taken the benefit of receptacles already prepared by nature for his nightly habitation. The fpontaneous productions of the earth, our author obferves, long furnished the inhabitants of the middle regions of the globe with food in abundance, while the natives of climates more |