Barbarians, Gentlemen, and Players: A Sociological Study of the Development of Rugby Football

amateur ethos American football analysis aristocracy and gentry Arnold Association football authorities ball began boys Britain broken-time C. W. Alcock central chapter civilizing process competition conflict cricket development of Rugby division of labour dominance early Elias embourgeoisement emergence Eton example FA Cup fact fags folk-games football hooliganism formation forms of football gate-taking clubs goal groups hacking hence hooliganism ibid incipient modernization industrial kick Lancashire London mainly majority Marples matches middle classes modern sport nineteenth century Norbert Elias North Northern Union occurred Old Rugbeian organization participation payment prefect-fagging system pressure principally public school élite reform regarded relatively Rugby and soccer Rugby clubs Rugby establishment Rugby Football Union Rugby League Rugby players Rugby School Rugby Union ruling class scrummage side soccer and Rugby spectators stage standards status structure struggle suggested teams tensions traditional transformation values violence wing-threequarter working-class Yorkshire