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and pension as poet laureate. It is said indeed by Lord Macaulay (Hist. of England, iii. 24), that Dorset gave to the poet during his life out of his own pocket an annual pension equal to that which he had lost. His authorities are,-1. An assertion to that effect made by Prior in the dedication of his Works to the son of this Lord Dorset, an assertion made at the time when Prior was a Whig (he afterwards ratted), and a personal and political opponent of Dryden; 2. Some scurrilous lines by that dull poet and furious partisan, Sir Richard Blackmore, written in 1695, intimating that Dorset— 'Despised the flatterer [Dryden], but the poet fed.'

It is likely enough that Prior had no other authority for his assertion than the loose words of Blackmore, which need not imply more than that Dryden experienced the occasional bounty of Dorset, a thing by no means improbable. On the other side we have several distinct declarations of Dryden that he was pressed by poverty since, and because of, the loss of his pension. It becomes therefore a question between the veracity of Dryden and that of Prior, and, of the two, we prefer to believe Dryden.

1. 36. Alceste, the misanthrope of Molière's play, prefers to a fantastic and affected sonnet which its author has just recited, an 'old song, such as that which I am going to repeat to you:'

" Si le roi m'avait donné

Paris sa grand'ville,

Et qu'il me fallût quitter
L'amour de ma mie,

Je dirais au roi Henri:

Reprenez votre Paris;

J'aime mieux ma mie, oh gai!

J'aime mieux ma mie.'

P. 437, l. 12. The 'Bayle' here quoted is perhaps François Bayle, a native of Languedoc, who died in 1709, and was a celebrated medical writer in his day. The work referred to might be his 'Dissertationes physicæ, ubi principia proprietatum in œconomia corporis animalis in plantis et animalibus demonstrantur' (1677).

1. 18. Cic. De Nat. Deorum, ii. 51.

1. 20. William Dampier, a Somersetshire man, born about 1652, one of the most famous of the English buccaneers or sea rovers, who were the terror of the Spanish colonies and commerce in the seventeenth century, published his Voyage round the World in 1691. His Voyages were afterwards published in three volumes between the years 1697 and 1709.

·

P. 438, l. I. Neque calce lupus quenquam, neque dente petit bos.'Horace.

1. 19. Essay on Human Understanding, Bk. II. Ch. ix. § 13. (Morley.) 1. 33. The passage is in Dr. Henry More's Antidote against Atheism, Book II, ch. x. Henry More (1614-1687) was one of the ablest of the Cambridge school of Platonizing divines. Jerome Cardan, a native of Pavia, a celebrated medical and philosophical writer, died at Rome in 1576.

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P. 439, 1. 31. Pennant, in his British Zoology, says nothing about the mole's eye having but one humour in it,' but states that the eye, besides being very small and closely covered with fur, has 'a third very wonderful contrivance for its security, being furnished with a certain muscle, by which the animal has the power of withdrawing or exserting it according to its exigencies.'

P. 444, 1. 25. Addison is referring to the colossal works of the schoolmen of the middle ages, such as Peter Lombard, Aquinas, and Scotus, whose treatises are made up of Quæstiones, Objectiones, and Responsiones, and divided into 'Distinctiones.'

P. 445, 1. 5. The lane in question still retains its name; it turns out of High Street, just below University College.

1. 8. Father Martinus Smiglecius, a Polish Jesuit, died at Kalicz in 1618. His treatise on Logic is highly praised by Rapin, whose eulogy is endorsed by Bayle. The English,' says Bayle, have done justice to this work of Smiglecius; they have caused it to be reprinted in their country.' It was printed at Oxford in 1658.

1. 10. Desiderius Erasmus (1467–1536), the great promoter of learning in the sixteenth century, was a native of Rotterdam. The Greek Testament was first given to the world in print under his care.

1. 23. Louis XIV of France, whom the victorious logic of Marlborough's guns at Blenheim and Oudenarde had 'baffled at his own weapons.'

1. 33. The story is told of the Emperor Hadrian.

phthegms, No. 160. (Morley.)

1. 37. Hudibras, Part ii. § 1, 297:—

See Bacon's Apo

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Quoth she, I've heard old cunning stagers

Say, fools for arguments use wagers.'

1. 40. The French Huguenots who were forced to take refuge in England, Holland, and other countries, upon the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685.

P. 446, 1. 3. The reference is to the article in Bayle's Dictionary on Andreas Ammonius, an Italian scholar who lived in England during the early part of the reign of Henry VIII, and died in 1520 (Morley). What Ammonius said as to the price of wood being raised by the executions at Smithfield, had reference to the burning of Lollards, not of Protestants.

1.5. A Sorites, so called from oŵpos, a heap, is a series of propositions, the predicate of each becoming the subject of the next. An instance isAll A is B, all B is C, all C is D, therefore all A is D. The reasoning of a sorites is unanswerable, and so, Addison would imply, is commonly that of fire and faggot.

1. 17. A more exact acquaintance with English history would have made Addison see that not all the methods of coercion here named could fairly be called 'popish refinements.' Racks, gibbets, and dungeons' were used by the government of Elizabeth to convince English Catholics with little less

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vigour than fire and faggot' were employed on the other side in the reign of Mary. See Hallam's Const. Hist, vol. i.

1. 30. The father of Alexander the Great. Demosthenes, in his great oration for the Crown, frequently alludes to the disastrous effects which the corruption of Æschines and other Athenians by Macedonian gold had had upon the interests of the city.

Xanthippe.

P. 447, 1. 21. P. 448, 1. 38. The Cartesians are the followers of the philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650), one of whose leading metaphysical distinctions was, that while the fundamental attribute of material substance was Extension, the fundamental attribute of Mind was Thought, because by this attribute Mind was revealed to itself. (Lewes' History of Philosophy.)

P. 449, 1. 14. Speaking of a Puritan wrangler, Butler says (Hudibras, Part iii. 2, 443)—

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1. 23. In a volume of the collection of ballads, left by Anthony à Wood to the Bodleian Library, there is an old black-letter copy of this ballad, without date, 'printed for F. Coles in Wine Street near Hatton Garden.' It begins

'In Bath a wanton wife did dwell

As Caucer he doth write,

Who did in pleasure spend her days

In many a fond delight.'

She dies and presents herself at the gate of heaven; her knock is answered by Adam, who objects to open to her; she gives him a shrewish answer; he runs away, and a string of other Biblical personages come up one after another, all endeavouring to turn her away; but her curst tongue is too much for them all. Thomas the apostle comes up in his turn; and then comes the quoted verse :

I think, quoth Thomas, women's tongues
Of aspen leaves be made:

Thou unbelieving wretch, quoth she,

All is not true that's said.'

St. Paul and St. Peter come up; she scolds and discomfits them both; at last Christ comes up; and after earnest entreaty and fervent expressions of contrition, she is allowed to pass through the gate.

P. 453, l. I. Sir Paul Rycaut, the son of a London merchant, attended Lord Winchilsea as secretary to the embassy during five years which that nobleman passed as ambassador to the Porte at Constantinople. After that he was appointed British consul at Smyrna, and lived there many years. He was a man of an active inquiring turn of mind, and when, returning to England for a time after the recall of the embassy, he published in 1669 his

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Present State of the Ottoman Empire, the book was welcomed as a valuable addition to the existing sources of information respecting wide regions of Europe and Asia. Before his death in 1700 he published several other works, chiefly on Turkish affairs. He says in the book above quoted (Book ii. ch. 26) that the Turks hold it a pious work to buy a bird from a cage and give him his liberty,' and to buy bread and feed with it the mangy curs that infested the streets. But this was from a principle of charity and benevolence, not on account of any opinion as to transmigration. On the other hand, in an earlier chapter Rycaut tel's a curious story illustrating the belief in transmigration entertained by the Munasihi, a small Turkish sect. Addison's memory appears to have mixed up the contents of the two chapters together.

P. 456, 1. 6. By Ethiopia is meant Abyssinia, or Abyssinia and Nubia together. The Portuguese and the French had opened up some communications with Abyssinia before Addison's time; but no Englishman, much less an English factory, seems to have appeared in the country before the famous traveller James Bruce.

P. 457, 1.9. The Congé d'élire, or 'permission to elect' a bishop, is, in practice, the letter sent down by the Prime Minister to the Dean and Chapter of the cathedral, when the Sovereign has decided whom to appoint to a vacant See.

P. 460, 1. 13. In Garth's Dispensary (Canto ii. 95) it is said of Colon, the chief of the apothecaries, that

'Hourly his learn'd impertinence affords

A barren superfluity of words.'

1. 29. Douay was invested by Marlborough and Prince Eugene, at the head of an army of 120,000 men, in April, 1710. The place being strongly garrisoned made a vigorous resistance, and Marshal Villars advanced from Cambrai to its relief; he was unable however to effect anything, and the fortress capitulated on the 26th June. At Denain near Landrecies, on the 24th July, 1712, after Marlborough had been recalled and the English troops withdrawn, a portion of Prince Eugene's army was surprised by Marshal Villars, and routed with heavy loss. Douay was retaken soon after. This number of the Spectator appeared on Sept. 5, 1712.

P. 462, 1. 9. In the Religio Medici, Part ii. § 11, Sir Thomas Browne, after 'thanking God for his happy dreams, as he does for his good rest,' says, 'Surely it is not a melancholy conceit to think we are all asleep in this world, and that the conceits of this life are as mere dreams to those of the next, as the phantasms of the night to the conceit of the day.' Then follows the passage quoted in the text.

1. 31.

'The soul's dark cottage, batter'd and decayed,

Lets in new light through chinks that time has made.'

P. 463, 1. 35.

P. 464, 1. I.

Plutarch's Essay on Superstition, Ch. iii.

Waller.

In the treatise of Tertullian De Anima ('On the Soul '),

chapters 45-49 are on dreams. He rejects the opinion of Epicurus, that dreams are of no account whatever; considers that they are for the most part inflicted upon us by demons; but allows that they are sometimes used by the Deity for our good; and that, whether their source be divine or diabolic, future events have been often divined by means of them.

P. 465, 1. 34. From the latter half of the twelfth century during a period of more than 150 years, a belief was firmly entertained in Europe that there was a mighty potentate ruling somewhere in Central Asia about the year 1200, who was not only a Christian, but a priest (Prester Presbyter). Marco Polo, the famous Venetian traveller of the fourteenth century, relates at length the supposed war between Prester John and Zenghis Khan, in which the former was defeated and slain. (See Colonel Yule's excellent edition of Marco Polo.)

He

1. 39. It may be interesting to refer to what is said by the philosopher Spinoza, himself a Jew, in the third chapter of his Tractatus TheologicoPoliticus, on the peculiar permanence of the Jewish nationality. He considers that it is the general hatred with which they are regarded by other nations, which has maintained them as a people apart so long, and that one great cause of this aversion is their adherence to the rite of circumcision. adds, that whenever another nation has been able to make up its mind to put the Jews who live in its midst, in civil matters, on an equality with the general population, the isolation of the former has speedily disappeared. He cites two instances; one, that of those Jews in Spain, who in the reign of a previous king had preferred conversion to banishment. No distinction as to civil privileges having been made between these and the Christians, when they had once embraced the state religion, the consequence was that in a short time they were completely merged in the Spanish population, and not a trace of their separate existence remained. On the other hand, in Portugal, where the king similarly compelled a number of Jews to embrace Christianity, yet debarred them from the civil rights of Christians, the isolation of the former remained the same as before.

IX.

HYMNS.

P. 473, 1. 21. The hymn which follows is introduced by Addison as the composition of the good Clergyman, one of the members of the Spectator Club, when lying on his deathbed.

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