Immobilized CellsRene H. Wijffels Immobilized cells have been studied widely in the last few decades, and an enormous number of papers have been published on this topic. For many processes the complex physiology in a heterogeneous environment is now becoming clear. In addition it has been shown that in many processes it is more efficient to use immobilized cells than suspended cells. The contributions in this volume by scientists from various disciplines in academia, industry and research institutes cover the path from basic physiological research to actual application. One of the goals was to extract guidelines for characterizing immobilized cells in view of process design and application. It is important to recognize that research on immobilized metabolizing cells should eventually lead, whenever possible, to successful implementation of such catalysts in industrial processes, and so one of the aims of using these guidelines is to ensure that research is effective in achieving this objective. A structure was chosen in which general aspects of immobilization as well as kinetics and engineering aspects were covered. Besides laboratory methods, some simple calculation procedures have been presented in this lab manual. The combination of the practical methods with the calculations provide a tool for research with immobilized cells. Finally, the manual concludes with some recent promising and practical cases of immobilized cells as examples of potential applications. |
Contents
Characterization of Immobilized Cells Introduction | 3 |
Description of the Support Material | 8 |
Description of the Immobilization Procedures | 17 |
Ionic Gelation Alginate Beads | 22 |
Thermal Gelation KCarrageenan Beads | 25 |
Ionic Polymer Coating Chitosane on Alginate Beads | 27 |
Coating by Transacylation Reaction | 28 |
Polyelectrolyte Complex Membrane SulfoethylcellulosePolydiallyldimethyl Ammonium Chloride | 29 |
Immobilization at Large Scale by Dispersion | 141 |
Jet Breaking Methods | 142 |
Lentikats | 144 |
Rotating Devices | 146 |
Emulsification Using Static Mixer | 148 |
Immobilization at Large Scale with the Resonance Nozzle Technique | 152 |
External Mass Transfer | 164 |
Liquid Fluidization of GelBead Particles | 177 |
Measurement of Density Particle Size and Shape of Support | 33 |
Mechanical Stability of the Support | 38 |
Diffusion Coefficients of Metabolites | 46 |
Preparation of the Membrane | 50 |
Diffusion Experiments | 53 |
StepResponse Method Utilizing MicroElectrodes | 56 |
Quantity of Biomass Immobilized Determination of Biomass Concentration | 67 |
Kinetics of the Suspended Cells | 76 |
Diffusion Limitation | 79 |
MicroElectrodes | 87 |
Manufacturing of O₂ Microsensors | 89 |
Measurements | 94 |
Biomass Gradients | 103 |
NMR and Immobilized Cells | 125 |
Gradients in Liquid Gas or Solid Fractions | 184 |
Support Material Stability at the Process Conditions Used | 193 |
Immobilized Cells in Food Technology Storage Stability and Sensitivity to Contamination | 201 |
Immobilized Cells in Bioremediation | 215 |
Alginate Encapsulation | 216 |
Carrageenan Encapsulation | 219 |
CoImmobilization with Adjuncts | 221 |
Immobilization with Synthetic Polymers | 223 |
Microencapsulation | 227 |
Monitoring Microbial inoculum in the Environment | 232 |
Plasmid Stability in Immobilized Cells | 237 |
Immobilization for HighThroughput Screening | 249 |
261 | |
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Common terms and phrases
acid agarose air-lift loop alginate beads alginate solution Appl applications assay bacteria Barbotin Barbotin JN biocatalyst biofilm biomass bioreactor bioremediation Biotechnol Bioeng buffer calcium calcium alginate calculated carrageenan cells immobilized Chapter Chem chemical coli colonies compartment contamination cultures Deff density determined diameter diffusion coefficient droplets effectiveness factor Emulsification encapsulation equation Escherichia coli ethanol fermentation flow rate fluidization formation fracture gel beads gelation glucose gradients growth Hunik immobilized cells inoculum kinetics Leenen liquid phase loop reactors magnetic resonance mass transfer matrix measured medium membrane method micro-electrode microbial cells Microbiol microorganisms microscope mixing nitrification Nitrobacter Nitrosomonas europaea oxygen particles plasmid plasmid stability polymer procedure protein recombinant RENÉ H resonance nozzle Revsbech Saccharomyces cerevisiae sample sodium alginate strain Subprotocol substrate support material surface suspension techniques Technol temperature tion Tramper velocity viscosity Wageningen Wijffels R.H. yeast