ades king of the Leffer Armenia to his father's kingdom, though he forefaw that the Armenians would lay hold of that opportunity to join Artaxias, who was then on the point of invading Cappadocia. Thefe differences, however, were fet tled before they came to an open rupture, by the Roman legates; and Ariarathes feeing himself thus delivered from an impending war, by the mediation of the republic, prefented the fenate with a golden crown, and offered his fervice wherever they thought proper to employ him. The fenate in return fent him a staff, and chair of ivory; which were prefents ufually beftowed on thofe only whom they looked upon as attached to their intereft. Not long before this, Demetrius Soter king of Syria had offered Ariarathes his fifter in marriage, the widow of Perfeus king of Macedon but this offer the king of Cappadocia declined for fear of offending the Romans; who reckoned him among the chief of their allies. Demetrius, incenfed at the flight put upon his fifter, fet up a pretender to the throne, one Orophernes, a fuppofitious, or natural fon of the deceafed king. The Romans ordered Eumenes king of Pergamus to affift Ariarathes with all his forces: which he did, but to no purpose; for the confederates were Overthrown by Demetrius, and Ariarathes was obliged to abandon the kingdom to his rival. This happened about A. A. C. 159; and the ufurper immediately dispatched ambaffadors to Rome with a golden crown. The fenate declined accepting the prefent, till they heard his pretenfions to the kingdom; and this Orophernes, by fuborned witneffes, made appear fo plain, that the fenate decreed that Ariarathes and he thould reign as partners; but next year Orophernes was driven out by Attalus brother to Eumenes, and his fucceffor in the kingdom of Pergamus. Ariarathes, being 'thus reftored, immediately demanded of the Priennians 400 talents of gold which Orophernes had depofited with them. They honeftly replied, that as they had been trufted with the money by Orophernes, they could deliver it to none but himself, or fuch as came in his name. Upon this, the king entered their territories with an army, deftroying all with fire and fword. The Priennians, however, ftill preferved their integrity; and though their city was befieged by the united forces of Ariarathes and Attalus, not only made an obftinate defence, but found means to rettore the fum to Orophernes. At laft they applied to the Romans for affiftance, who enjoined the two kings to raise the fiege, under pain of being declared enemies to the republic. Ariarathes immediately obeyed; and marching his army into Affyria, joined Alexander Balas againit Demetrius, who, in the very first engagement, was flain, and his army entirely difperied, Ariarathes having on that Occafion given uncommon proofs of his courage and conduct. Some years after, a war breaking out between the Romans and Ariftonicus who claimed the kingdom of Pergamus in right of his father, Ariarathes joined the former, and was flain in the fame battle in which P. Craffus proconful of Afia was taken, and the Roman army cut in pieces. He left fix fons by his wife Laodice, on whom the Romans beftowed Lycaonia and Cilicia. But Laodice, fearing left her children, when they

came of age, fhould take the government out of her hands, poifoned 5 of them, the your geft only having efcaped her cruelty by being conveyed out of the kingdom. The moniter hertelf was loon after put to death by her subjects, who could not bear her cruel and tyrannical government. She was fucceeded by Ariarathes VII. who, toon after his acceffion, married another Laodice, daughter of Mithridates the Great, hoping to find in that prince a powerful friend to fupport him agart Nicomedes king of Bithynia, who laid claim to part of Cappadocia. But Mithridates wiltead of aflifting, procured one Gordius to poison his funin-law; and, on his death, feized the kingdon, under pretence of maintaining the rights of the Cappadocians against Nicomedes, till the children of Ariarathes were in a condition to govern R. The Cappadocians at first fancied themselves obliged to their new protector; but, finding him unwilling to refign the kingdom to the lawful heir, they rofe up in arms, and, driving out all his gar rifons, placed Ariarathes VIII. eldest son of their deceased king, on the throne. The new prince found himself immediately engaged in a war with Nicomedes; but, being affifted by Mithridates, not only drove him out of Cappadocia, but ftripped him of a great part of his hereditary dominions. On the conclufion of the peace, Mithridates, feeking for fome pretence to quarrel with Ariara thes, infifted upon his recalling Gordius, who bad murdered his father; which being rejected with abhorrence, a war enfued. Mithridates took the field first, in hopes of over-running Cappadoct before Ariarathes could be in a condition to make head against him; but, contrary to his expectation, he was met on the frontiers by the king Cappadocia with an army no way inferior to lis own. Hereupon he invited Ariarathes to a coa ference; and, in fight of both armies, ftabbed him with a dagger, which he had concealed un der his garment. This ftruck fuch terror inta the Cappadocians, that they immediately di perfed, and gave Mithridates an opportunity of poffefling himself of the kingdom without the leaft oppofition. The Cappadocians, however, not able to endure the tyranny of his profects, food fhook off the yoke; and recalling the king's bro ther, who had fled into the province of Afia, proclaimed him king. He was fearce feated on the throne, however, before Mithridates invaded the kingdom at the head of a very numerous army. and having drawn Ariarathes to a battle, defeated his army with great laughter, and obliged him to abandon the kingdom. The unhappy prince foca after died of grief; and Mithridates beitowed the kingdom on his own fon, who was then only 8 years old, giving him at the fame time the name of Ariarathes X. But Nicomedes Philopater king of Bithynia, fearing left Mithridates, having n got poffeffion of the whole kingdom of Cappato cia, thould invade his territories, fuborned a youth to pass himself for the 3d fon of Ariarathes, and to prefent to them a petition in order to be reftored to his father's kingdom. With him he fent to Rome Laodice, fifter of Mithridates, whor he had married after the death of her former huis band Ariarathes. Laodice declared before the lenate, that the had 3 fons by Ariarathes, and that

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put to death. He was fucceeded by his brother Ariobarzanes III. who was by Marc Anthony deprived both of his kingdom and life; and in him ended the family of Ariobarzanes. Archelaus, the grandfon of that general of the fame name who commanded against Sylla in the Mithridatic war, was by Marc Anthony placed on the throne of Cappadocia, though nowife related either to the family of Pharnaces or Ariobarzanes. preferment was entirely owing to his mother Gla phyra, a woman of great beauty, but of a loose behaviour, who, in her return for her compliance with the delires of Anthony, obtained the kingdom of Cappadocia for her fon. In the war between Auguftus and Anthony, he joined the lat ter; but at the interceffion of the Cappadocians, was pardoned by the emperor. He afterwards received from him Armenia the Leifer, and Cilicia Trachea, for having aflifted the Romans in clearing the feas of pirates who greatly infefled the coafts of Afia. He contracted a strict friendship with Herod the Great, king of Judæa; and married his daughter Glaphyra to Alexander, Herod's fon. In the reign of Tiberius, Archelaus was fummoned to appear before the fenate; for he had always been hated by that emperor, because in his retirement at Rhodes he had paid him no fort of refpect. This had proceeded from no averfion in him to Tiberius, but from the warning given Archelaus, by his friends at Rome. For Caius Cæfar, the prefumptive heir to the empire, was then alive, and had been fent to compofe the differences of the east, whence the friendship of Tiberius was then looked upon as dangerous. But when he came to the empire, Tiberius, remembering the dificfpect shown him by Archelaus, enticed the latter to Rome by means of letters from Livia, who promifed him her fon Tiberius's pardon, provided he came in perion to implore it. Archelaus obeyed the fummons, and haftened to Rome; where he was received by the emperor with great wrath and contempt, and foon after accufed as a criminal in the fenate. The crimes of which he was accufed were mere fictions; but his concern at feeing himfelf treated as a malefactor was fo great, that he died foon after of grief, or, as others fay, laid violent hands on himself. He is faid to have reigned 50 years. On the death of Archelaus, Cappadocia was reduced to a Roman province, and governed by thofe of the equeftrian order. It continued fubject to the Romans till the invafion of the eastern empire by the Turks, to whom it is now fubject. The Turks have four Beglerbeglics in it, called Sivas, Frebtzond, Marafch, and Cogni.

the petitioner was one of them; but that he had been obliged to keep him concealed, left he fhould undergo the fame fate with his brothers: whereupon the fenate promised to reinftate him in his kingdom. But, Mithridates hearing of thefe tranfactions, difpatched Gordius to Rome, to undeceive the fenate, and to perfuade them that the youth to whom he had refigned the kingdom of Cappadocia was the lawful fon of the late ing, and grandfon to Ariarathes who had loft his life in the fervice of the Romans against Aristonicus. This unexpected embally put the fenate upon en quiring more narrowly into the matter, whereby the whole plot was discovered; upon which Mithridates was ordered to refign Cappadocia, and the kingdom was declared fiee. The Cappadocians, however, fent ambaffadors to Rome, acquainting the fenate that they could not live without a king. This furprifed the Romans, who had fuch an aversion to royal authority: but they gave them leave to elect a king of their own nation. As the family of Pharnaces was now extinct, the Cappadocians chofe Ariobarzanes; and their choice was approved by the fenate, he having on all occations shown himself a steady friend to the Romans. Ariobarzanes had fcarce taken poffeffion of his kingdom when he was driven out by Tigranes king of Armenia; who refigned Cappadocia to the fon of Mithridates, in purfuance of an alliance previously concluded between the two parties. Ariobarzanes fled to Rome; and, having engaged the fenate in his caufe, he returned into Alia with Sylla, who was enjoined to reftore him to his kingdom. This was eafily performed by Sylla, who, with a final body of troops, routed Gordius at the head of a numerous army. Sylla, however, had fcarce turned his back, when Ariobarzanes was again driven out by Ariarathes the fon of Mithridates. Upon this Sylla returned to Asia, where his usual success attended him, and Ariobarzanes was again placed on the throne. After the death of Sylla, he was the 3d time forced by Mithridates to abandon his kingdom; but Pompey, having entirely defeated Mithridates near mount Stella, reftored Ariobarzanes to his throne, and rewarded him for his fervices during the war, with the provinces of Sophene, Gordiene, and great part of Cilicia. The king, however, being now advared in years, and defirous of spending the remainder of his life in cafe, refigned the crown to his fon Ariobarzanes, in prefence of Pompey; and never afterwards troubled himfelf with affairs of flate. Ariobarzanes II. proved no less faithful to the Romans than his father: On the breaking out of the civil war between Cæfar and Pompey, he fided with the latter; but after the death of Pompey, he was received into favour by Cæfar, who even beftowed upon him great part of Armenia. While Cæfar was engaged in a war with the Egyptians, Pharnaces king of Pontus invaded Cappadocia, and stripped Ariobarzanes of all his dominions; but Cæfar, having defeated Pharnaces, restored the king of Cappadocia, and honoured him with new titles of friendflip. After the murder of Cafar, Ariobarzanes, having refused to join Brutus and Caffius, was by them declared an enemy to the republic, and foon after taken prifoner and

CAPPADOCIANS, the ancient inhabitants of Cappadocia. Thefe people, in the time of the Romans, bore fo bad a character, and were reputed fo lewd, that, among the neighbouring nations, a wicked man was emphatically called a Cappado cian. In after ages, however, their lewd difpotition was fo restrained by the pure doctrines of Chriftianity, that no country whatever has produced greater champions of the Chriftian religion, or given to the church prelates of more uublemished characters. We have no fyftem of the Cappadocian laws, and fearce wherewithal to form any particular idea of them. They carried

од

on a confiderable trade in horfes, and we read of them in Scripture, frequenting the fairs of Tyre with this commodity. As Cappadocia abounded with mines of filver, brafs, iron, and alum, and afforded a great flore of alabafter, cryftal, and jafper, it is probable that they might fupply the neighbouring countries with thefe commodities. The religion of the ancient Cappadocians was much the fame with that of the Perfians. At Comana there was a rich temple dedicated to Bellona; whofe battles the priests and their attendants used to reprefent on stated days, cutting and wounding each other as if feized with an enthufiaftic fury. No lefs famous and magnificent were the temples of Apollo Catanius, and of Jupiter: the laft of which had 3000 religious votaries. The chief priest was next in rank to that of Comana; and, according to Strabo, had a revenue of 15 talents. Diana Perfica was worshipped in a city call. ed CASTABALLA, where women, devoted to the worfhip of that goddefs, were reported to tread barefooted on burning coals, without receiving any hurt. The temples of Diana at Diofpolis, and of Anias at Zela, were likewife held in great veneration both by the Cappadocians and Armenians. In the latter were tendered all oaths in matters of confequence; and the chief priest was equal in dignity, power, and wealth, to any in the kingdom; having a royal attendance, and an unlimited authority over all the officers of the temple. The Romans, who willingly adopted all the fuperftitions of the nations they conquered, greatly increafed the revenues of this and other temples; conferring the priesthood on fuch as they thought mot fit for carrying on their defigns. We are told that human facrifices were offered at Comana; and that this barbarous cuttom was brought by Orefles and his fifter Iphigenia from Taurica Scythica, where men and women were immolated to Diana. But this custom, if ever it obtained in Cappadocia, was abolithed in the times of the Romans.

CAPPAGHTAGGEL, a village of Ireland, in the county of Galway, Connaught.

CAPPA!, a town of Ireland, in Tipperary. CAPPANUS, a name given by fome authors to a worm that adheres to and gnaws the bottoms of thips; to which it is extremely pernicious, efpecially in the E. and W. Indies: to prevent this, feveral hips have lately been fheathed with cop per; the first trial of which was made on his majelly's frigate, the Alarm.

CAP-PAPER. A fort of coarfe brownish paper. So calle ! from being formed into a kind of cap to hold commodities.--Having, for trial fake, filtred it through cap-paper, there remained in the filtre a powder. Boyle.

CAPPARIS, in botany: A genus of the monogynia order, belonging to the polyandria clafs of plants; and in the natural method racking under the 24th onla, Putaminer. The calyx is tetraphyllous and coriaceous; the petals are 4, the ftamina are long; the fruit is a berry, carnous, unilecular, and pc'inculated, or funifhed with a foot-talk. There are 7 fpecies; of which the principal is,

CAPPARIS SPINOSA, or common caper, a low flirub, generally growing out of the joints of old

CAPPEL-CANON, and Į two villages of S. CAPPEL, ST SILIM, Wales, in Cardigan?. * CAPPER. #. f. [from cap.] One who mak or fells caps.

CAPPERNANE, a town of Ireland, in Mayo. CAPPOCULA, n. f. a fool. Shokzin, A. CAPPOQUIN, a village of Ireland, in Water ford, Munfter, 97 m. from Dublin.

CAPRA, the GOAT, a genus of quadruped be longing to the order of pecora. See Plates LVN LVIII, and LIX. The horns are pertittent, bor low, turned upwards, ercel, and icebrous. The are 8 fore teeth in the under jaw, and none in tu upper; and they have no doy teeth. In de bing the different fpecies and varieties of this g nus, we have again to complain of that could t of names and deferiptions, which we find amen zoologifts, and which renders it extremely CF cult to give a complete, and at the fame time a di tinct arrangement of them all. Linnæus and atnaturalifts reckon 14 fpecies of this genus, und one of which, viz. the DORCAS, {N° VIL) they clude moft of the varieties of the ANTELOPE. Kerr reckons only 11, fome of which are by thers ranked only as varieties of the common ip. cics. But both Mr Kerr and Mr Pennant, as wi as Drs Gmelin, Erxleben and Palias, make t antelope a diftin& genus, forming a link betwee the goit, (CAPRA,) and the deer, (Cervus, ) M. the former of which the antelopes agree in th texture of their horns, which have a core, and i their never calling them; and with the latter, their elegance of form. Of this genus Mr Ke enumerates 29 fpecies. Adhering, however, t Linnæus's claffification of the whole tribe unde one genus, (though we by no means difpute t propriety of dividing the goats from the antelopes