EMPIRE OF SPARTA (continued)

Samos

Sestos
Thessaly.

restores the Messenians, and builds the city of
Messênê.

He forces his way through a Peloponnesian and
Athenian force near the isthmus.

IN THE TEARLESS BATTLE the Arkadians are
defeated by Archidamos.

Again entering Peloponnesos, Epameinondas adds the Achaian cities to the Theban confederacy. Tyranny of the younger Dionysios.

The Thebans obtain from the Persian king a rescript proclaiming the supremacy of Thebes and the independence of Messênê.

Peace between Thebes, Corinth, and other cities, the Spartans being self-excluded.

Conquest or recovery of Samos by the Athenian general Timotheos.

The Athenians recover Sestos.

Death of Pelopidas in the BATTLE OF KYNOS

KEPHALAI.

Peloponnesos Irritated by the jealousies of the Arkadians, the Thebans again send Epameinondas into Peloponnesos.

595

599

Athens

361

358

601

BATTLE OF MANTINEIA. Victory and death of
Epameinondas.

Execution of Leosthenes.

Death of Agesilaos on the road to Kyrênê.

The Second Athenian empire reaches its furthest limit by the recovery of the Chersonesos. Makedonia. Philip, father of Alexander the Great, becomes king shortly after the death of Perdikkas. Philip withdraws his garrison from Amphipolis, of which he again obtains possession a few months later.

Euboia The recovery of Euboia by the Athenians is followed

357-5 602 Athens

356 605

355 606

. by the SOCIAL WAR, in which the second Athenian empire is practically overthrown. Condemnation of Timotheos.

Makedonia. The Olynthians, rejected by the Athenians, make an alliance with Philip. Birth of Alexander the Great.

Phokis

352

607 Athens

Outbreak of the SACRED WAR, in consequence of
a fine inflicted on the Phokians by the Am-
phiktyonic Assembly.

On the defeat and death of Philomelos, Onomar-
chos becomes general of the Phokians.
After compelling Philip for some time to aban-
don Thessaly, Onomarchos is himself defeated
and slain by Philip.

On hearing these tidings the Athenians fortify
Thermopylai, but on hearing a report first of
Philip's illness, then of his death, again be-
come inactive, in spite of the urgent remon-
strances of DEMOSTHENES.

Y Y

EMPIRE OF SPARTA (continued)

Euboia

347 615

Olynthos
Boiotia

Athens

The Olynthians again ask aid of Athens. The promise is given, but not fulfilled.

Demosthenes urges the appointment of Commissioners to see to the laws relating to the Theoric Fund.

This island again revolts. The Athenians try in vain to subdue it.

Fall of Olynthos. Philip dismantles the city. The Thebans invite Philip to aid them in bringing the SACRED WAR to an end.

The Athenians, irritated by the conduct of the Phokians under Phalaikos, seek an alliance with Philip.

Mission of Eschines, who is won over by Philip. Makedonia. Philip expresses his readiness to accept a peace

which shall secure to each party its own possessions at the moment of the ratification. The Athenians assent to the exclusion of the Phokian name from the PEACE OF PHILOKRATES. Eschines, being sent with Demosthenes and others to receive the oath of Philip, treacherously delays to do so, until Philip is close to Thermopylai.

The submission of Phalaikos to Philip brings the SACRED WAR to an end. Philip, throwing off his disguise of friendliness to Athens, declares himself the ally of Thebes.

Philip, being elected into the Amphiktyonic brotherhood, acquires the formal right of interfering in Hellenic affairs.

Timoleon is ordered to go to the aid of the Syra

cusans.

Timoleon, having gained possession of Syracuse, summons 10,000 new colonists from Pelopon

nesos.

Athens ... A dispute between Philip and the Athenians respecting the inlet of Halonnesos is followed three years later by a fresh offence in the march of Philip across the Chersonesos.

The Athenians now declare war.

. BATTLE OF THE KRIMĖSOS.

Decisive victory

of Timoleon over the Carthaginians.
Having put down all the Sicilian tyrants, Timo-
leon resigns his power.

Philip is baffled at Perinthos and Byzantion.
Financial reforms of Demosthenes.

The Athenians order the gilt shields in the
Delphian temple, taken from the Thebans
after the battle of Plataiai, to be reburnished.
The Lokrians denounce the impiety of replacing
these offerings without re-consecration.
Eschines retorts the charge of impiety by de-
nouncing the violation of the curse pronounced
against Kirrha in the days of Solon,-thus
bringing about the THIRD SACRED WAR.
The Athenians and Thebans refuse to send en-
voys to the Amphiktyonic Assembly for the
spring meeting.

EMPIRE OF SPARTA (continued).

Boiotia On his way to Phokis, Philip fortifies Elateia. Demosthenes urges successfully an immediate unconditional alliance with Thebes.

Athens

Athenians and Thebans.

Total defeat of the

Thebes is surrendered, and a Makedonian garrison is placed in the Kadmeia.

Philip restores the Athenian prisoners on con-
dition that the Athenians acknowledge him
supreme chief of all the Hellenes.

Peloponnesos Philip receives the Greeks in a congress at
Corinth.

Makedonia Assassination of Philip at Aigai.

639

ALEXANDER THE GREAT becomes king; he goes first to Thermopylai, then to Corinth, where he guarantees in his own interest the autonomy of every Hellenic city.

The absence of Alexander in an expedition to the north of the Balkan Mountains gives rise to a report of his death, which leads the Thebans to take up arms.

Siege and storming of Thebes. Destruction of the city.

Eschines, by a charge under the writ Graphê Paranomôn, arrests the proposal of Ktesiphon to crown Demosthenes.

Alexander crosses the Hellespont to carry out his enterprise of the conquest of Persia.

BATTLE OF THE GRANIKOS.

Alexander, having spent the winter in conquer-
ing Lykia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia, goes to
Gordin and cuts the Knot.

BATTLE OF Issos. Second routing of the
Persian forces.

Expedition into Phenicia. Siege and fall of Tyre.
March into Egypt. Founding of Alexandria.
BATTLE OF GAUGAMELA OR ARBELA. Third
total defeat of the Persian forces.

Plundering of Babylon and Sousa, Persepolis
and Pasargadai.

Death of Dareios.

Alexander murders Philotas and Parmenion.

647 Peloponnesos Death of the Spartan king Agis in a battle

fought for the purpose of throwing off the Makedonian yoke.

Demosthenes defeats Eschines by his speech on the Crown.

Alexander crosses the Oxus and Jaxartes, and mutilates the murderer of Dareios at Zariaspa. Murder of Kleitos.

Alexander marries Roxana.

Murder of Kallisthenes.

Alexander, having crossed the Indus, founds
Boukephalia on the spot where his horse died.
He reaches the Hyphasis, beyond which his
troops refuse to advance.

Having returned to Sousa through the Gedro-
sian desert, he marries Stateira and Parysatis.

EMPIRE OF SPARTA (continued).

B.C.

PAGE

315

Sparta
Thebes

Empire of
Alexander

.

Death of Hephaistion.

Arrival of Harpalos with his treasure, which is placed in the Parthenon.

Demosthenes, with other citizens, is charged by Hypereides with embezzling a portion of it. Condemnation and exile of Demosthenes. This sentence is rescinded by the Athenians, who send a trireme to Troizen to bring him back. Death of Alexander at Babylon.

The LAMIAN WAR ends in the complete subjugation of the Greeks. Death of Demosthenes. Banishment of 12,000 Athenian citizens. Phokion remains in power, aided by Demades. Death of Demades.

Kassandros, son of Antipatros, obtains admission
for Nikanor into the fortress of Mounychia.
Return of the exiles.

With the help of Phokion, Nikanor seizes the
Peiraieus.

Phokion, deposed from his command, hastens to
the camp of Polysperchon, who sends him to
Athens for trial.

Execution of Phokion.

The Phalerean Demetrios appointed governor of
the city by Kassandros.

The Spartans build a wall round their city.
Restoration of Thebes by Kassandros.

Makedonia. Extinction of the family of Alexander the Great.
The title of king is assumed by Antigonos and
Demetrios Poliorketes in Makedonia, by
Ptolemy in Egypt, by Lysimachos in Thrace,
and by Seleukos in Babylonia.

Athens

On the appearance of Demetrios Poliorketes
before Peiraieus, the Phalerean Demetrios
makes his escape to Egypt.

A law being passed that no philosopher should be
allowed to teach without the sanction of the
Senate and people, all the philosophers leave
Athens.

In the following year the law is repealed, and
the philosophers return.

Asia Minor. BATTLE OF IPSOS. Death of Antigonos.
Athens
Demetrios Poliorketes besieges and takes
Athens.

Makedonia. Antigonos Gonatas succeeds his father Demetrios
Poliorketes.

Peloponnesos Extension of the Achaian League.

Career of Aratos.

Korkyra. Korkyra and Epidamnos become allies of Rome.
Peloponnesos Megalopolis destroyed by Kleomenes.

Defeat of Kleomenes at SELLASIA.
Korkyra. Treaty between Philip and Hannibal.
Peloponnesos Death of Philopoimen.

.

The dynasty of the Antigonid kings comes to an end with Perseus on the conquest of the country by the Romans.

B.C. PAGE

EMPIRE OF SPARTA (continued.)

Western Greece

Byzantion

A.D.

267

324

662

Byzantion

Sacking of Corinth by the Romans under
Mummius.

The Achaian League comes to an end as a
military power.

Establishment of the Roman province of Achaia.

Storming of Athens by the Goths, who are driven out by Dexippos.

Foundation of Constantinople, or New Rome, as the seat of Roman empire.

Invasion of Alaric, who escapes from Stilichon,
the general of the Emperor Honorius.
Promulgation of the Justinian code.

Reign of the Iconoclast Leo III., the Isaurian.
Leo III. suppresses the rebellion of the Greeks.
Inroads of the Seljukian Turks.

The Emperor Alexios asks the help of Europe
at the Council of Piacenza (Placentia).
The army of the Fifth Crusade appears before
Constantinople.

Capture of the city by the Crusaders, who
establish the Latin dynasty in Constan-

Sparta Coronation of Constantine XI., the last of the
Byzantine Cæsars.

Constantinople Conquest of the empire by the Ottoman Turks.
Lepanto. Victory of the Venetians over the Turks.
Athens Siege of the Akropolis by the Venetian Morosini.
Destruction of the Parthenon.

The PEACE OF PASSAROVITZ leaves the Pelopon-
nesos in the hands of the Sultan.

Rebellion of the Western Greeks against the
Turks.

Declaration of independence.

Massacre of Chios (Scio) by the Turks.

Navarino

BATTLE OF NAVARINO.

1832

1843 670

1862

Capture of the city by the Turks.

Destruction of the

Turkish fleet by the combined fleets of Russia,
France, and England.

Athens The Bavarian Prince Otho recognised as king