Cartographic Relief Presentation

20 meters accuracy aerial perspective aerial photogrammetry alpine appear areas blue brown cartographic Chapter combined contour image contour interval contour lines contrast corresponding dark darker datum depicted depth detailed differentiated direction distance earth's surface elements elevation example Figure flat geomorphological gradations graphic grey gullies height error height values horizontal hypsometric tints illumination Imhof impression index contours intermediate contours interplay land landscape large scale m₁ method millimeter mountain nature nautical charts normally oblique hill shading orthometric heights pattern photogrammetric plan view plane table Plate points portrayal positional error possible printing colors produced regions relief reproduction result ridges rock drawing rock hachures rocky scale maps scree sea level sections selected shading tones shape skeletal lines slope angle slope hachures slope shading small scale maps smaller spot heights steep steps strokes survey Switzerland symbols technique terrain representation three-dimensionally shaded topographic maps vertical visual yellow zones