Photoreceptors and CalciumWolfgang Baehr, Krzysztof Palczewski This volume foxuses on the status of Ca2+ ions in regulation of phototransduction, light adaptation and the recovery phase in vertebrate photoreceptors. Particular emphasis is given to Ca2+-binding proteins and their targets, among them particulate guanylate cyclases, GPCR-coupled kinases and cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels. The book also expands our understanding of events invovling Ca2+ in the retinal pigment epithelium, in synaptic transmission and secondary retinal neurons. A significant part of the book is dedicated to the role of Ca2+ in invertebrate phototransduction, the best-studied phospholipid-mediated signal transduction pathway. Several chapters explore association of gene defects with human retina disease and the generation of animal models of retinal degeneration. |
Contents
| 1 | |
Calcium and Regulation of Light Sensitivity | 10 |
TUNING OUTER SEGMENT Ca2+ HOMEOSTASIS | 11 |
Conclusion | 17 |
GUANYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING PROTEINS | 19 |
Discussion | 30 |
CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN | 32 |
THE TIME COURSE OF LIGHT ADAPTATION | 37 |
Naturally Occurring Mutations in GCAP1 Associated with | 297 |
VARIATIONS ON A THEME | 303 |
Ca2+SENSITIVE REGULATORS OF retGC | 319 |
Ca2+Dependent Regulation of retGC Activity by GCAPS | 326 |
STRUCTURE AND MEMBRANETARGETING MECHANISM | 333 |
Mechanism of the Ca2+Myristoyl Switch | 342 |
TARGET RECOGNITION OF GUANYLATE CYCLASE | 349 |
Target Regions in ROSGC1 | 353 |
How Rapidly can Adaptation Operate? | 48 |
What Underlies the Slow Phase of Adaptation? | 54 |
Model of Light Adaptation During Continuous Illumination | 57 |
Mechanism of Inhibition of Rhodopsin Phosphorylation | 63 |
Ca2+DEPENDENT CONTROL OF RHODOPSIN | 69 |
Rhodopsin Kinase | 76 |
Recoverin as a Ca2+Sensor of Rhodopsin Kinase in vitro | 82 |
Is Recoverin a Ca²+Sensor of Rhodopsin Kinase in vivo? | 90 |
RECOVERIN AND RHODOPSIN KINASE | 101 |
PATHOLOGICAL ROLES OF RECOVERIN | 109 |
Molecular Pathology in CAR | 115 |
Conclusion | 122 |
RGS91 PHOSPHORYLATION AND Ca2+ | 125 |
Introduction | 132 |
Regulation by Ca2+ or Ca2+Binding Protein of Py Phosphorylation | 146 |
CENTRINS A NOVEL GROUP OF Ca2+BINDING PROTEINS | 155 |
Centrins Cellular Localization and Function | 162 |
CentrinTransducin Complex | 168 |
PHOTOTRANSDUCTION IN RODS AND CONES | 179 |
The Maximum Rate of Outer Segment Ca²+ Clearance is Higher in Cones | 186 |
Functional Consequence of RodCone Differences in Ca²+ Homeostasis | 192 |
REGULATION OF THE ROD PHOTORECEPTOR | 205 |
Interaction of the Rod Channel with Other ROS Membrane Proteins | 219 |
The Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 226 |
THE RETINAL ROD AND CONE Na+Ca2+K+ EXCHANGERS | 237 |
Chromosomal Localization of the Human Retinal Rod and Cone | 243 |
THE COMPLEX OF CGMPGATED CHANNEL AND Na+Ca2+K+ | 253 |
An Intriguing Problem | 259 |
SelfInhibition of the ExchangerAn Allosteric Regulatory Mechanism? | 266 |
REGULATION OF VOLTAGESENSITIVE Ca2+ CHANNELS | 275 |
Conclusion | 284 |
SITEDIRECTED AND NATURAL MUTATIONS IN STUDYING | 291 |
MOUSE MODELS TO STUDY GCAP FUNCTIONS | 361 |
Effect of Restoring GCAP2 in GCAPS Photoreceptors | 372 |
Conclusion | 383 |
CALCIUMDEPENDENT ACTIVATION OF GUANYLATE | 389 |
Identification of CDGCAP as S100b | 395 |
Role of Cadherins in Human Disease | 403 |
GUANYLATE CYCLASE AND DISEASE | 411 |
GCAP1 and Retinal Disease | 422 |
Conclusion | 431 |
USING MUTANT MICE TO STUDY THE ROLE | 439 |
Conclusions and Future Directions | 448 |
Biochemical Features of Caldendrin | 456 |
CALCIUM CHANNELS AT THE PHOTORECEPTOR SYNAPSE | 465 |
Other Ca2+ Permeable Channels in the Photoreceptor Terminals 464 | 473 |
The ON Bipolar Cells Synaptic Receptors | 479 |
Does Calcium Influence Transient Signals? | 488 |
Ca2+ Control of the Rhodopsin Photocycle | 494 |
Ca²+Calmodulin Control of the LightGated TRP and TRPL Channels | 501 |
Abbreviations | 508 |
Role of Ca2+ in Excitation | 520 |
Intracellular Ca2+ Elevation Produces Light Adaptation | 527 |
Johannes Oberwinkler | 539 |
Physiological and Molecular Components Involved in Calcium Homeostasis | 545 |
Form and Function of the Calcium Signals | 553 |
The Molecular Targets of Calcium Feedback in the Microvilli | 563 |
Calcium Signals in the Photoreceptor Cells of Another Insect | 570 |
PHOTORECEPTOR DEGENERATION AND Ca2+ | 585 |
THE TRP CALCIUM CHANNEL | 601 |
Constitutive Activity of the TRP Channel by Mutations and by Metabolic | 607 |
Conclusion | 618 |
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Common terms and phrases
a-subunit Acad Sci USA amino acid anti-recoverin antibody arrestin binding Biochem bipolar cells bovine rod buffer Ca² Ca2+ channels Ca2+ concentration Ca2+-binding proteins Ca2+-dependent calcium calmodulin cascade Cdk5 centrin centrosome cGMP phosphodiesterase cGMP-gated channel cilium Cloning CNG channels cyclase activating cyclic GMP cytoplasmic Dizhoor domain EF-hand exchanger Figure flash fraction frog rods function GCAP1 GCAP2 GCAPS Gen Physiol GenBank gene gradient guanylate cyclase guanylyl inhibition interaction intracellular kinetics light adaptation light-dependent mammalian MAP kinase mechanism modulation molecular mutant myristoyl myristoylated Natl Acad Sci Neuron Neurosci PDE activity peptide photoreceptor cells photoresponse phototransduction plasma membrane Proc Natl Acad protein kinase Py phosphorylation receptor recoverin regulation residues response retinal pigment retinal rod rhodopsin kinase rhodopsin phosphorylation rod outer segments rod photoreceptors rods and cones role ROS membranes S-modulin salamander rods saturation sensitivity sequence signal substrate subunit tion transducin transduction vertebrate photoreceptor vitro vivo