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his death she was much disquieted by law-suits: she refused, however, to take another husband, and in 1580 she went to Ferrara, where she was twelve years in the situation of lady of honour to Lucretia and Leonora d'Este, sisters of duke Alphonso III. The remainder of her life she passed in literary retirement at Modena, where she died in 1617. She distinguished herself by her writings, consisting of Latin and Italian poems, a translation of the Carneades and Crito of Plato, and other classical versions. Her remains are printed in the Bergamo edition of her grandfather's works. This lady was the subject of numerous eulogies from contemporary writers; and Tasso has introduced her as one of the speakers in his Dialogue on Love, which he entitles Molza. The most extraordinary honour she received was that of being presented with the citizenship of Rome by the senate and people of that city, in a patent reciting her singular merits, and conferring on her the title of Unica. The privilege is also, through her, extended to the whole noble family of Molza of Modena. Her writings scarcely justify the encomiums they have received.

MOMBRIZIO, (Bonino,) an Italian writer and poet, was born about 1424, at Milan, where he became professor of eloquence in the room of Filelfo [who removed to Florence]. He was the author of some Latin poems, particularly one On the Sufferings of Jesus Christ; and he translated into Latin verse The Theogony of Hesiod. His largest performance is entitled, Sanctuarium, sive Acta et Vitæ Sanctorum, in 2 vols, fol., without any mark of the place or date of publication; though it is believed to have been printed at Milan about 1479. It is said to be greatly superior in merit to works of the same kind which preceded it, the author having, without scruple, discarded a mass of Greek and Latin legendary writings, and used great industry in collecting materials from the most ancient and best authenticated documents, as well as judgment in discriminating truth from fable. perfect copy of this work is now very rare. He died about 1482.

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MONANTHEUIL, (Henry de,) Lat. Monantholius, a mathematician, was born at Rheims in 1536, and educated at Paris, under the celebrated Ramus. Having taken the degree of doctor of medicine, he filled for some time the chair of professor, and was made dean of that faculty; and in 1576 he was appointed professor of

mathematics in the College Royal. Among the other eminent characters whom he could boast of having had for pupils, was the celebrated James Augustus de Thou, who studied under him the elements of arithmetic and geometry, and the learned Peter de Lamoignon. The duties of this professorship Monantheuil discharged with great reputation for more than thirty years. He steadily maintained his loyalty during the troubles of the League; and even when Paris was in the hands of that faction, frequent meetings were held at his apartments, in which, under the pretence of scientific conversation, projects were formed for delivering up the city to the king. And after Henry IV. had obtained possession of it, he was the first who pronounced a panegyric on that prince, and congratulated the city of Paris on that event, in a discourse pronounced at the College Royal. He died in 1606. He was the author of, Liber de Angulo Contactus, adversus Jacobum Peletarium; Commentarii in Librum Aristotelis Teρt Twv unxavikov, with the Greek text of the original, and a new Latin version; De Puncto, primo Geometriæ principio, Liber; Problematis, omnium quæ a 1200 Annis inventa sunt, nobilissimi Demonstratio; Ludus Iatro-mathematicus, &c. and other Orations, in Latin. He left behind him, in an unfinished state, a mathematical work, entitled, Heptatechnon Mathematicum.

MONARDES, (Nicholas,) a physician of the sixteenth century, was born at Seville, and educated at the university of Alcala. He then settled in his native city. He made himself known by various writings, the first of which was a treatise on a topic then the subject of much controversy, De secandâ Venâ in Pleuritide inter Græcos et Arabes Concordia, Hispal. 1539. He became, however, more celebrated by his work on the medicines imported from the New World, entitled, Dos Libras de las Cosas que si traen de las Indias Occidentales, que sirven al uso de Medicina, Sevilla, 1565; a third book was added in a new edition in 1574. It was translated into various languages; and Charles l'Ecluse, or Clusius, in his Latin version, first printed at Antwerp in 1574, enriched it with figures and annotations. Among his other tracts is one on the use of steel; and Dr. Freind supposes him to be the first writer after Rhazes who recommends this medicine as a deobstruent. He died in 1578. The botanical genus Monarda, in the Linnean class Diandria, perpetuates his name.

MONBODDO. See BURNET. MONCONYS, (Balthasar de,) a writer of travels, was born at Lyons in 1611, and received the first part of his education in the Jesuits' college. The plague which, in 1628, desolated many countries in Europe, obliged him to repair to Spain, and he completed his studies at Salamanca. He particularly attached himself to mathematics, judicial astrology, and chemistry; and visiting Portugal, he gained reputation by his facility in forming horoscopes. Thence he passed into the East, with the purpose of increasing his knowledge in the occult sciences, and tracing the remains of the philosophy of Hermes Trismegistus and Zoroaster. He then returned to France, and devoted himself to mathematical and physical pursuits, which engaged him in correspondence with most of the learned men of his time. He died in 1665. After his death, his Travels, in 3 vols, 4to, and 4 vols, 12mo, were published by his son. MONCRIF, (Francis Augustin Paradis de,) a French poet and polite writer, born at Paris in 1687. He devoted himself to literature; and one of his first compositions was an Ode on the Death of Louis le Grand, the principal object of which was to conciliate the favour of the regent. He is chiefly distinguished as an ingenious and agreeable writer, excelling in little theatrical pieces, complimentary verses, madrigals, and especially in ballads, of which he has composed some of the most touching simplicity. He obtained the posts of private secretary to the count of Clermont, and reader to the queen. He was also received into the French Academy, and associated to those of Nanci and Berlin; and he was admitted to the privilege of the entrées, at court, by Louis XV., who refused that favour to Voltaire. He died in 1770. His principal works are, Essais sur la Nécessité et sur les Moyens de Plaire; this is an elegant and instructive work on the art of becoming agreeable in society; Les Ames Rivales, an ingenious romance, founded on the fiction of the metempsychosis; Les Abdérites, a comedy; Poesies diverses, chiefly of the light and delicate kind; some dissertations, and several little dramatic pieces of the opera kind. His Histoire des Chats, a sportive trifle, was criticised at the time with undue severity, and is now forgotten. His works were published collectively in 1761, in 4 vols, 12mo.

sanea de,) a musician of eminence, born at Narbonne in 1715. Besides sonatas, symphonies, and operas, he composed Magnus Dominus, the Jubilate, Dominus Regnavit, and other religious pieces. He died in 1772. He was an excellent and judicious player on the violin.

MONGAULT, (Nicholas Hubert,) a man of letters, and an able translator of the classics, born at Paris in 1674, was the natural son of Colbert Pouanges, and was educated at the college Duplessis, where he attracted the notice and obtained the esteem of Rollin. He entered into the congregation of the fathers of the Oratory, and was sent to study philosophy at Mans. The system then taught in the schools was that of Aristotle, to which the professor whom Montgault attended was greatly attached; but as the student had too much sense to acquiesce in what he could not comprehend, he adopted for himself that of Descartes, and openly maintained it in the schools. The delicacy of his health obliging him to quit this institution, he retired, in 1699, to the college of Burgundy at Paris, where he finished a translation of Herodian, published in 1700. In the following year Colbert, archbishop of Toulouse, who had already procured him a priory, invited him to Toulouse, and gave him apartments in his palace. Not long after the superintendent Foucault, who wished for the conversation and services of a man of learning, with talents also fitted for society, prevailed upon Mongault to reside with him, and obtained him admission into the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres. In 1710 the duke of Orleans confided to Mongault the education of his son, the duc de Chartres. His translation of the Letters of Cicero to Atticus, in 6 vols, was published in 1714, and again in 1738. It is faithful and elegant, and being enriched with a number of learned notes, it did equal honour to his taste and his erudition, The French Academy admitted him as a member in 1718. He died in 1746. Besides his two translations he published two dissertations in the Mémoires of the Academy of Inscriptions.

MONGE, (Gaspard,) an eminent geometer, and one of the founders of the Polytechnic School, was born at Beaune in 1746. He was employed, at the age of sixteen, in the college of Lyons, to teach natural philosophy. The con struction of a plan of his native town brought him soon after under the notice MONDONVILLE, (John Joseph Cas- of a colonel of engineers, who procured

MONDINO. See MUNDINUS.

for him an appointment in the college of engineers at Mezières, where he remained till 1780, when he was appointed professor-adjoint with Bossut, in teaching hydrodynamics at the Louvre. He wrote the well-known work, Géométrie Descriptive (fourth edition, 1820), which, in simplicity, style, and choice of details in a subject which might easily have been overloaded with them, stands second to no elementary work whatever. In 1780 he was elected of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1783 he succeeded Bezout as examiner of the naval aspirants, for whom he wrote his Traité élémentaire de Statique, 1786. In 1792 he was appointed minister of marine. He quitted this post soon after, and became busily engaged in the operations for the equipment of the army. M. Biot, in his Essai sur l'Histoire général des Sciences pendant la Révolution Française, Paris, 1803, has given a summary of what was done; he does not appear to go too far in saying that the means of procuring iron, steel, saltpetre, gunpowder, and weapons, were created during the reign of terror. By the exertions of Monge, the Normal and Polytechnic schools were established. In 1796 he accompanied the army in the invasion of Italy; he also accompanied the expedition to Egypt, and to him, with Berthollet and Fourier, all the scientific fruits of that undertaking are due. On the latter occasion an intimacy sprang up between Monge and Buonaparte, which made the former a zealous partisan of the latter to the end of his career. The consequence of this attachment was, that Monge was among those who were expelled from the Institute at the final restoration of Louis XVIII. Besides the works already mentioned, Monge wrote, Description de l'Art de fabriquer les Canons; and, Application d'Analyse à la Géométrie. He also wrote several papers in the Mémoires du Turin, Mémoires des Savans Etrangers, Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Journal de l'Ecole Polytechnique, Correspondance Polytechnique, Annales de Chimie, and, Description de l'Egypte. He first applied the differential calculus to the general theory of surfaces. He died in 1818.

MONK, (George,) duke of Albemarle, memorable for having been the principal instrument in the restoration of Charles II. was the second son of Sir Thomas Monk of Potheridge, in the parish of Merton, in Devonshire, where he was born on the 6th December, 1608. As his father was in reduced circumstances,

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young Monk, in 1625, embarked at Plymouth, as a volunteer, with his relative, Sir Richard Greenville, then setting out, under lord Wimbledon, on the unsuccessful expedition against Cadiz. The year after he obtained a pair of colours in the equally unfortunate expedition to the isle of Rhé, whence he returned in 1628. In 1629 he served in the Low Countries, where he was promoted to the rank of captain. In this station he was present in several sieges and battles; and having, in ten years' service, made himself absolute master of the military art, he returned to his native country on the breaking out of the war between Charles I. and his Scottish subjects. His reputation procured him the rank of lieutenantcolonel in lord Newport's regiment, in which post he served in both the king's northern expeditions. In 1642 he was appointed colonel of lord Leicester's troop sent to quell the Irish rebellion; in the suppression of which he did such service, that the lords justices appointed him governor of Dublin: but the Parliament interfering, that authority was vested in another. When the civil war began, the troops were recalled from Ireland, and Monk, being suspected of favouring the Parliament, was sent under a strong military guard to Bristol. Lord Hawley, the governor of the town, passed him on parole to the king, who was then at Oxford, and there he so fully justified himself to lord Digby, then secretary of state, that he was by that nobleman introduced to his majesty; but his regiment was given to colonel Warren, who had been his major. As some amends for this, the king made him major-general in the Irish brigade, then employed in the siege of Nantwich, in Cheshire; at which place he arrived just soon enough to share in the unfortunate surprisal of that whole brigade by Sir Thomas Fairfax, (Jan. 1644). He was sent to Hull, and thence to the Tower of London, where he remained in close confinement till Nov. 13, 1646; and then, as the only means of regaining his liberty, he took the Covenant, engaged with the Parliament, and agreed to accept a command under them

in the Irish service. He set out for Ireland in January 1647, but returned in April on account of some impediments. Soon after he had the command in chief of all the Parliament's forces in Ulster conferred upon him; but, in two years after, he was called to account for having treated with the Irish rebels, and was summoned to appear before the Parlia

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ment, who, after hearing him at the bar of the house, passed this vote, (Aug. 10, 1649), "That they did disapprove of what major-general Monk had done, in concluding a peace with the grand and bloody Irish rebel, Owen Roe O'Neal, and did abhor the having any thing to do with him therein; yet are easily persuaded, that the making the same by the said major-general was, in his judgment, most for the advantage of the English interest in that nation; and, that he shall not be further questioned for the same in time to come." This vote highly offended Monk, who is thought never to have forgiven it. About this time his elder brother died without issue male; and the family estate by entail devolving upon him, he retrieved it from the ruinous condition in which his father and brother had left it. He had no sooner settled his private affairs, than he was called to serve under Cromwell against the Scotch, (who had proclaimed Charles II.) Cromwell, impressed with a sense of Monk's military talents, made him lieutenant-general of the ordnance, and provided him with a regiment. Monk performed important services on various occasions, particularly at the battle of Dunbar; and when Cromwell left Scotland in pursuit of Charles II. who had entered England, Monk was left to command in the former country with 7000 men. In this station he acted with great vigour and success. He besieged and took Stirling Castle, whence he sent all the records of the kingdom to London. He stormed Dundee; and, imitating the severity of Cromwell in Ireland, put the governor and 800 of the garrison to the sword. This example deterred other places from resistance, and he became master of the whole country, with the exception of some of the inaccessible parts in the Highlands. In 1652 a severe attack of illness obliged him to go to Bath, whence, after his recovery, he returned to Scotland as one of the commissioners for its union with the English commonwealth. The Dutch war having now been carried on for some months, Monk was joined with the admirals Blake and Dean in the command of the naval forces; in which service (June 2, 1653) he contributed greatly by his courage and conduct to the defeat of the Dutch fleet. Monk and Dean were on board the same ship; and Dean being killed the first broadside, Monk threw his cloak over the body, and gave orders for continuing the fight, without suffering the enemy to know that one of the English admirals

had fallen. Monk continued the battle on that and the following day, when he was joined by Blake with a squadron of fresh ships. This reinforcement decided the contest, and the English were victorious. Soon after, however, Tromp had fitted out another fleet, with which (July 29) he engaged the English fleet under the command of Monk. The Dutch admiral was killed in the action, and a decisive victory accrued to the English, testified by the capture and destruction of about thirty of the enemy's ships. At an entertainment subsequent to the thanksgiving for this victory, Cromwell with his own hand placed a gold chain round Monk's neck. Cromwell, in the mean time, was paving his way to the supreme command, which (December 16, 1653) he obtained, under the title of Protector; and, in this capacity, he soon concluded a peace with the Dutch. About this time Monk married Anne Clarges, the sister of Dr. Thomas Clarges, a physician, a vulgar imperious woman, who had previously cohabited with him. "She was a woman," says lord Clarendon, "Nihil muliebre præter corpus gerens; a person "of the lowest extraction, without either wit or beauty." On the breaking out of fresh troubles in Scotland, where several persons of rank had declared for Charles II., Monk was sent thither by Cromwell as commanderin-chief. He set out in April 1654, and finished the war in August. He then returned from the Highlands, and fixed his abode at Dalkeith, a seat belonging to the countess of Buccleuch, within five miles of Edinburgh; and there he continued to reside for five years, amusing himself with rural occupations, and beloved by the people, though his government was more arbitrary than any they had experienced. He exercised this authority as one of the Protector's council of state in Scotland, whose commission bore date June 1655. Cromwell, however, could not help distrusting him at times on account of his popularity; nor was this distrust entirely without apparent foundation. It is certain that Charles II. entertained good hopes of him, and sent him the following letter from Colen, Aug. 12, 1655. "One, who believes he knows your nature and inclinations very well, assures me, that, notwithstanding all ill accidents and misfortunes, you retain still your old affection to me, and resolve to express it upon the first seasonable opportunity; which is as much as I look for from you. We must all patiently

wait for that opportunity, which may be offered sooner than we expect when it is, let it find you ready; and, in the mean time, have a care to keep yourself out of their hands, who know the hurt you can do them in a good conjuncture, and can never but suspect your affection to be, as I am confident it is, towards Yours, &c. CHARLES REX."-Monk, however, made no scruple of discovering every step taken by the cavaliers which came to his knowledge, and even transmitted this letter to the Protector; and he joined in promoting addresses to him from the army. In 1657 Monk received a summons to Cromwell's House of Lords. Of the opinion, however, which the Protector entertained respecting the political inclinations of Monk, a notion may be formed from the following remarkable postscript to a letter addressed by Cromwell to him about this time: "There be that tell me, that there is a certain cunning fellow in Scotland, called George Monk, who is said to lie in wait there to introduce Charles Stuart; I pray you, use your diligence to apprehend him, and send him up to me." On the death of Oliver, the new Protector's friends offered Monk 20,000l. a year for his support; but, avaricious as he was, he would make no engagement: his policy was to render himself an object of importance to all parties; and through his duplicity he succeeded in being treated with by all. When at length circumstances compelled him to act, he declared for the Parliament against the army, and decided upon marching to London, where he was lodged in the apartments of the prince of Wales. He addressed the Parliament, was invited to occupy his place there, was made a member of the council of state, and charged with the executive power. He still affected a perfect obedience to the sitting Parliament; and he even executed their commands of entering London in military array, seizing several obnoxious persons, and demolishing the gates and portcullises. Immediately after, however, he complained of the odious service which had been forced upon him, and in peremptory terms required the house to issue writs for the assembling of a new and free Parliament on the 6th May. This was considered as the death-warrant of the Long, or Rump Parliament, and the general rejoicings that were made upon the event sufficiently proved the odium which that assembly had incurred with the nation. The restored members appointed Monk general of the forces of

England, Scotland, and Ireland; and the republicans, as a last resource, listened to his continued protestations against the king, the House of Lords, and the bishops, and allied themselves to him. Every day his personal power increased. He was offered the protectorate; but he declined it. The expectation of the Restoration daily gained ground, and some indications in the conduct of Monk showed plainly that the event was not far distant. At length Monk received Sir John Greenville, the king's messenger, and having read the despatches, and agreed to his return, directed the manner in which he wished it to be brought about. The king, by Monk's advice, went from Brussels to Breda; and Sir John Greenville, on the 1st of May, returned with letters to the new Parliament drawn up as Monk desired; and the king was immediately acknowledged and proclaimed. On the 23d of May, Monk received Charles II. on the beach at Dover, was embraced by him, and addressed with great affection. Immediately after he was loaded with pensions and honours; was made knight of the Garter, one of the privy-council, master of the horse, a gentleman of the bed-chamber, first lordcommissioner of the treasury; and soon after created a peer, being made baron Monk of Potheridge, Beauchamp, and Tees, earl of Torrington, and duke of Albemarle, with a grant of 7000l. a year, estate of inheritance, besides other pensions. He received a very peculiar acknowledgment of regard on being thus called to the peerage; almost the whole House of Commons attending him to the very door of the House of Lords, while he behaved with great moderation and humility. During the remainder of his life he was consulted and employed upon all great occasions by the king, and at the same time appears to have been esteemed and beloved by his fellow-subjects. In 1664, on the breaking out of the first Dutch war, he was, by the duke of York, who commanded the fleet, entrusted with the care of the admiralty; and the plague breaking out the same year in London, he was entrusted likewise with the care of the city by the king, who had retired to Oxford. He was at the latter end of the same year appointed joint admiral of the fleet with prince Rupert, and distinguished himself against the Dutch. In September 1666 the fire of London occasioned him to be recalled from the fleet, to assist in quieting the minds of the people, who expressed their

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