He describes another picture by Ouwater of a more extensive composition, representing the Resurrection of Lazarus. He died in 1515.

OVALLE, (Alonso de,) a Jesuit, born at Santiago in Chili, was procurador general of the order in that province. He came to Rome to obtain a supply of missionaries, and there published, Historica Relacion del Reyno de Chile, y de las Missiones y Ministerios que exercita en el la Compania de Jesus, 1646. An abridgment of this work of Ovalle is in Churchill's Collection.

OVANDO, (Nicolo,) a Spanish knight of the order of Alcantara, who in 1501 was appointed governor of the island of Hispaniola in the room of Bovadilla. He treated the illustrious Columbus with marked malevolence, and dishonoured his administration by the most revolting cruelties against the Indians in Hispaniola and the adjacent islands, especially at Xaragua, where a vast number of them were massacred. He governed the Spanish colonists, however, with wisdom and justice, and actively promoted the cultivation of the sugar cane, which had been introduced from the Canaries. Ovando was recalled in 1508, and was succeeded by Diego, the son of Christopher Columbus. The date of his death is not known.

OVENS, (Jurien,) a painter, was born at Amsterdam in 1620, and brought up in the school of Rembrandt. In the Stadt House at Amsterdam is preserved a beautiful painting by this master, representing Julius Civilis in the consecrated grove, exhorting the Batavians to shake off the Roman yoke, and fight for the support of their liberties. And as the consultation of the Batavians was held in the night, this afforded the painter an opportunity of exerting his genius in his favourite style of painting, by representing the transaction by torchlight. This single performance is accounted sufficient to establish his reputation as a great master. He was invited in 1665 to the court of the duke of Holstein, and there continued to exert his talents until his death, which took place in 1668.

OVERALL, (John,) a celebrated prelate, styled by Camden "a prodigious learned man," was born in 1559, and educated at Hadley school, and at St. John's college, Cambridge, whence he removed to Trinity college, of which he was chosen fellow. In 1596 he was appointed regius professor of divinity, when he took the degree of D.D. and, about the same time,

was elected master of Catharine hall. In 1601 he succeeded Alexander Nowell in the deanery of St. Paul's, London; and in the beginning of the reign of James I. he was chosen prolocutor of the lower house of convocation. In 1612 he was appointed one of the first governors of the Charter-house, then just founded by Thomas Sutton, Esq. In April, 1614, he was made bishop of Lichfield and Coventry; and in 1618 he was translated to Norwich, where he died May 12, 1619. He was buried in that cathedral, where, some time after the restoration of Charles II. Cosin, bishop of Durham, who had been his secretary, erected a monument over his remains, with a Latin inscription, in which he is declared to be, "Vir undequaque doctissimus, et omni encomio major." Wood observes, that he had the character of being the best scholastic divine in the English nation; and Cosin, who perhaps may be thought to rival him in that branch of learning, calls himself his scholar, and expressly declares that he derived all his knowledge from him. In the controversy which in his time divided the Reformed churches, concerning predestination and grace, he held a middle opinion, inclining rather to Arminianism, and seems to have paved the way for the reception of that doctrine in England, where it was generally embraced a few years afterwards, chiefly by the authority and influence of archbishop Laud. Bishop Overall maintained a correspondence with Gerard Vossius and Grotius; and some of his letters to them are printed in the Præstantium et Eruditorum Virorum Epistolæ ecclesiasticæ et theologica, published by Limborch and Hartsoeker, as an historical defence of Arminianism. But bishop Overall's principal work is his Convocation-Book, of which Burnet gives the following account: "There was a book drawn up by bishop Overall, four-score years ago, concerning government, in which its being of a divine institution was positively asserted. It was read in convocation, and passed by that body, in order to the publishing of it; in opposition to the principles laid down in the famous book of Parsons the Jesuit, published under the name of Doleman. But king James did not like a convocation entering into such a theory of politics; so he wrote a long letter to Abbot, who was afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, but was then in the lower house. By it he desired that no further progress should be made in that matter, and that this book might not

be offered to him for his assent; there that matter slept. But Sancroft, archbishop of Canterbury, had got Overall's own book into his hands; so, in the beginning of this (King William's) reign, he resolved to publish it, as an authentic declaration that the Church of England had made in this matter; and it was published, as well as licensed, by him a very few days before he came under suspension for not taking the oaths (October 1689.) But there was a paragraph or two in it that they had not considered, which was plainly calculated to justify the owning the United Provinces to be a lawful government; for it was there laid down, that when a change of government was brought to a thorough settlement, it was then to be owned and submitted to as a work of the providence of God; and part of king James's letter to Abbot related to this.' But what gave this book much consequence on its revival was, that the celebrated Dr. Sherlock acknowledged that he became reconciled to take the oaths to the new government, at the revolution, by the doctrines above mentioned in Overall's work. Another matter in which Dr. Overall's opinion appears to have had great weight, in his lifetime and afterwards, was the question of hypothetical ordination. One great obstacle to the reconciliation of the Dissenters was, that the Church of England denied the validity of Presbyterian ordinations, and required re-ordination. Bishop Overall, and after him the celebrated Tillotson, endeavoured to meet this difficulty by a small alteration in the words of ordination, as, "If thou beest not already ordained, I ordain thee," &c. Bishop Montague of Norwich, who was a great admirer of bishop Overall, very frequently and confidently affirmed that Vossius's Pelagian history was compiled out of bishop Overall's collections. Overall also is named among the translators of the Bible; and Churton notices the share he had in the Church Catechism, of which he is universally said to have written what regards the sacra

ments.

OVERBECK, (Bonaventure van,) a painter, was born of opulent parents at Amsterdam in 1660, and is said to have been a pupil of Gerard de Lairesse. He visited Rome, where he occupied himself with great ardour in studying and draw ing after the antique. He painted some historical subjects, which were highly esteemed; but his attention was chiefly devoted to a work he intended to publish,

with plates, engraved by himself, from designs which he had made and collected at Rome. Habits of dissipation brought on an illness, of which he died in 1706, in the forty-sixth year of his age. Before his death he engaged his nephew to undertake the publication of his work, which he desired should be dedicated to queen Anne of England. It was published in 1709, in French, under the title of Les Restes de l'ancienne Rome, &c.

OVERBURY, (Sir Thomas,) an accomplished English gentleman, and elegant miscellaneous writer, was the son of Nicholas Overbury, of Bourton on the Hill, near Morton in Marsh, in Gloucestershire, Esq., and was born at Compton-Scorfen, in Warwickshire, about 1581. In 1595 he became a gentleman commoner of Queen's college, Oxford, whence he removed to the Middle Temple, to study the municipal law. He afterwards visited France, and on his return determined to push his fortune at court, where he contracted an intimacy with the worthless favourite of James I. Robert Carr, afterwards earl of Somerset, who, sensible of his own ignorance and inexperience, found in Sir Thomas Overbury a judicious adviser. In 1608 he was knighted by the influence of Carr, and his father was appointed one of the judges for Wales. In the following year Sir Thomas made another tour on the continent, which is said to have produced Observations upon the Provinces United; and on the State of France, London, 1651, 12mo; but Chalmers says that it is very doubtful whether he was the author of this work. When Carr, then become viscount Rochester, engaged in his amour with the infamous countess of Essex, Overbury was privy to the unlawful connexion, and had even promoted it by dictating to Rochester those ingenious and passionate letters by which, in a great measure, the lady was won. But when Rochester hinted his design of obtaining a divorce and marrying the countess, Overbury used every method to dissuade him from the attempt, and went so far as to threaten Rochester that he would separate himself for ever from him, if he should so far forget his honour and his interest as to prosecute the intended marriage. It was now that Overbury was to experience the nature of that friendship that is cemented only by vice. Rochester, over whose mind his passion for the countess had gained a complete ascendency, revealed the above conversation to her; and when her rage and

fury broke out against Overbury, he had also the weakness to enter into her vindictive projects, and to swear vengeance against his friend. Some contrivance was necessary for the execution of their purpose, and they concerted one which proved but too successful. Rochester addressed himself to the king; and after complaining that his own indulgence to Overbury had begotten in him a portion of arrogance, which was extremely disagreeable, he procured a commission for his embassy to Russia; which he represented as a retreat for his friend, both profitable and honourable. But when consulted by Overbury, he earnestly dissuaded him from accepting this offer, and took upon himself the office of satisfying the king, if he should be displeased at his refusal. Overbury fell into the snare, and declined his majesty's offer; on which Rochester again addressed the king, set forth the insolence of Overbury's conduct, and (April 21, 1613) obtained a warrant for committing him to the Tower; all access of his friends was strictly forbidden, and no communication of any kind was allowed with him during the six months of his imprisonment. Rochester now procured a divorce; and the king, forgetting the dignity of his character, and his friendship for the family of Essex, not only assisted in this nefarious project, but, lest the lady should lose any rank by her new marriage, bestowed on Rochester the title of earl of Somerset. In the mean time Sir Thomas Overbury's father came to town, and petitioned the king for his discharge. He likewise applied to Somerset, to whom several pressing letters were also written by Sir Thomas himself; but all to no purpose. Sir Thomas had no suspicion at first of the complicated villany of Somerset in the affair of his refusing the embassy to Russia, nor that his imprisonment was his friend's contrivance; but discovering it at length by his delays to procure his liberty, he expostulated with him by letter in the severest manner, and even proceeded to threats. This terrified Somerset so much, that he charged the lieutenant of the Tower to look to Overbury well; for if ever he came out, it would be his ruin, or one of the two must die. During these delays many attempts were made to poison Overbury; none of which succeeded, till a clyster was given him, September 14th, which, after operating in the most violent manner, put an end to his life, about five o'clock the next morning. His corpse, being ex

ceedingly offensive, was interred about three the same day in the Tower chapel. Immediately after his death some suspicion of the true cause of it was rumoured about; but the great personages concerned prevailed so far as to make it be believed that he died of a disorder contracted before his imprisonment. The whole, however, was discovered about two years after, when the inferior agents were all apprehended, tried, and executed; but the earl of Somerset and his countess, although both tried and condemned, were pardoned by the king the following year, 1616, lest, as has been said, he should make discoveries not very creditable to the private character of that monarch. The countess died afterwards of a cancer, despised by all who knew her; and Somerset himself lived to share the just contempt of mankind Sir Thomas Överbury obtained considerable reputation as an author, both in prose and verse. His writings consist of, The Wife, a poem; the pattern of female excellence here drawn, contrasted as it was with the heinous and flagrant enormities of the countess of Essex, rendered this poem extremely popular; and, Characters or witty Descriptions of the Properties of sundry Persons. An edition of his works was published in 1632, 12mo, and another in 1753, 8vo. Dying without issue, Sir Thomas's estate came to his younger brother, whose son, Sir THOMAS OVERBURY, was the author of some pieces, A true and perfect Account of the Examination, Trial, Condemnation, and Execution, of Joan Perry and her two sons, for the supposed murder of William Harrison, written by way of letter to Thomas Shirley, M.D. in London, 1676; Queries proposed to the serious Consideration of those who impose upon others in things of divine and supernatural Revelation, and prosecute any upon the account of Religion; with a desire of their candid and Christian Resolution thereof, 1677; in answer to which there came out the same year, Ataxiæ Obstaculum; an answer to certain queries, intituled, Queries proposed, to which Sir Thomas wrote a reply, entitled, Ratiocinium Vernaculum; or, a Reply to Ataxiæ Obstaculum.

OVIDIUS, (Publius Naso,) was born of an equestrian family at Sulmo, in the country of the Peligni, now the Abruzzo, B.c. 43, on the very day (20th of March) on which the consuls Hirtius and Pansa were slain at the battle of Mutina against Antony. From his youth his

inclination lay towards poetry; which, however, upon his father's entreaties, he forsook, and, with a view to the practice of the law, studied, along with his elder brother Lucius, under Plotius Grippus, Marcellus Fuscus, Messala, and Porcius Latro. Such was his diligence and success, that he determined several private causes very judiciously, and frequently pleaded with great force of eloquence in the court of the centumviri. He was likewise made one of the triumviri, who were magistrates of great authority, and tried capital causes. Upon the death of his brother, in his twentieth year, by which he came to an easy fortune, he devoted himself entirely to poetry and pleasure; and he soon became the companion and favourite of the wits of his day-Macer, Propertius, Ponticus, Bassus, and Horace, who was about twenty-two years older. He only just saw Virgil and Tibullus, both of whom died B.C. 18. While he was yet young he is supposed to have visited Asia and Sicily. He was thrice married; the first time, when scarcely arrived at years of maturity, to one whom he represents as an unsuitable partner; the second, to a blameless spouse, but not capable of inspiring a lasting attachment; and from these two he seems to have been divorced, according to the loose practice of that age. His third wife, Perilla, of whom he speaks with great affection, and by whom he had a daughter, adhered to him in all fortunes, and probably survived him. From the licentiousness of some of his poems, and the acquaintance he displays with the arts of intrigue, there can be little doubt that he also indulged in transitory amours. He seems to have lived in ease and affluence, possessing a house in Rome near the Capitol, and pleasant gardens near the junction of the Flaminian and Claudian roads, as well as a villa in his native country. Ovid had rendered himself famous by several poetical compositions when, about the age of fifty, he suddenly incurred the displeasure of Augustus, who banished him to Tomi, a town in Scythia, near the Euxine sea, and not far from the mouths of the Danube. The cause of this has been variously represented. The pretence was, his writing loose verses, and corrupting the Roman youth; but it is agreed on all hands, and is in effect owned by himself, that this was not the real cause of his exile; and, although he hints at the matter very obscurely, it may be conjectured that he had been a witness

to some court intrigue, which it was dangerous to divulge, but which he probably had not kept secret. At the time of his banishment the fifteen books of the Metamorphoses were unfinished; the poet had burned them, as being incomplete, at the time of his leaving Rome; but there were other copies in existence. He had also written his three books of Amores, three books of his Ars Amatoria, and his Heroides. The twelve books of the Fasti, of which the first six only have been preserved, were also written before his exile, and, as the poet tells us, inscribed to Augustus Cæsar. They were finished during his exile, and, as we now have them, inscribed to Cæsar Germanicus. The works of Ovid written during his banishment are, the five books of the Tristia, and the four books of his Letters from Pontus; the letters are addressed to his wife, to Maximus, Pedo Albinovanus, Græcinus, Rufinus, and others of his friends. The Ibis also was written in his banishment. He also wrote a tragedy

Medea-highly commended by Quintilian and by Tacitus: this is lost. He died at Tomi, A.D. 18, in the sixtieth year of his age, and the tenth of his banishment. The first edition of Ovid is that printed by Balthasar Azzoguidi, Bologna, 1471; the second was printed in the same year, by Sweynheym and Pannartz, at Rome. Of more modern editions, the best are, that of Heinsius, Amst. 1661, 3 vols, 12mo; and of Burmann, Amst. 1727, 4 vols, 4to. There is a translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses, in fifteen books, by the most eminent Hands, London, 1717, fol. The translators were, Dryden, Addison, Congreve, Rowe, Gay, Ambrose Phillips, Garth, Croxall, and Sewell. Sandys translated the first five books, London, 1627, fol.; and separate books have been translated by others. There are many translations of the Art of Love, one by Dryden, Congreve, &c., as well as of the Heroical Epistles, one by Quarles, London, 1673, 8vo; and there are translations in verse or prose, or both, of the Fasti, and the other works.

OVIEDO, (Gonzalo Fernandez de,) one of the earliest and best historians of the New World, by descent an Asturian, was born at Madrid about 1478, and spent his youth about the court, being first in the service of the duke del Villa-Hermosa, then of the prince D. Juan, son of Ferdinand and Isabel, and after his death of the king of Naples. He was afterwards made overseer of the smelting-houses in

Hispaniola, where he resided for many years, and wrote the Historia General de las Indias Occidentales, in fifty books. Twenty-one of these were printed at Seville, 1535, at Salamanca, 1547, and in 1557. A summary of this work, which Oviedo drew up for the emperor Charles V., is inserted in Barcia's collection of the Historiadores Primitivos de las Indias Occidentales. Oviedo wrote also two tracts concerning the Palo de Guayacan, and the Palo Santo, translations of which are in the first volumes of his collection, Scriptorum de Morbo Gallico. But the work for which he is chiefly celebrated, is his Quinquagenas, so entitled from its consisting of fifty dialogues, in which the author is the chief interlocutor. This work, which still remains in MS. in 3 vols, folio, in the national library of Madrid, contains a full notice of the principal persons in Spain, their lineage, revenues, and arms, with an inexhaustible fund of private anecdote. Charles V. gave him the office of chronicler when he was in his seventieth year. The date of his death is not known.

OVIEDO, (Andres de,) bishop of Hieropolis and patriarch of Ethiopia, was born at Ilhescas, a town about half way between Madrid and Toledo; graduated at Alcala; and then went to Rome, where, in 1541, he entered the company of Jesuits. When Joam III. founded the first Jesuit college at Coimbra, he, with eight Flemish companions, was sent to colonize it by Peter Faber; and when Francisco de Borja established a college at Gandia, Oviedo was nominated rector. He was afterwards made rector of the college at Naples. Loyola nominated him as coadjutor and successor to Joam Nuñez Bareto, in the Abyssinian mission, and in 1556 he arrived at Goa, whence he went to Abyssinia, where his want of judgment rendered his mission a total failure. He died in 1577, having been for twenty years employed in a task for which he was in every respect unqualified.

OWAIN, son of Mexen Wledig, a brave warrior, who broke the intimacy which existed between the Britons and their Roman conquerors, and was elected king. His services were such, that he became a saint in the British calendar.

OWAIN, a prince of Powys, who fled to Ireland, in consequence of carrying away Ness, the wife of Gerald, constable of Pembroke. He succeeded his father, Cadwygan ap Bleddyn, in 1110, and was slain by Gerald four years after. He was in the service of Henry I. of England in

Normandy for some time, and was knighted by him.

OWAIN CIVEILOG, a Welsh warrior, who attacked Hywel of Cadwygan, and Rhys of Grufydd, and died about 1197. He was also a poet, and some of his verses are preserved in the Welsh Archæologia.

OWAIN, or OWEN TUDOR, lord of Penmynydd, in Anglesea, married Catharine, the widow of Henry V. in 1426, and was father by her of three sons, the eldest of whom embraced the monastic life; the second was Edmund, earl of Richmond, father to Henry VII.; and the third Jasper, earl of Pembroke. After the death of his wife he was confined in Newgate; but he escaped, and died in Wales.

OWAIN GLANDWR, or OWEN GLENDOWER. See GLENDOWER.

OWEN, (George,) an eminent physician, was born in Worcestershire, and educated at Merton college, Oxford, of which he became probationer-fellow in 1519. Having studied physic, he took his doctor's degree in that faculty in 1527, and soon after was appointed physician to Henry VIII., and held the same office in the two succeeding reigns. In 1544 he became a fellow of the College of Physicians. He was a witness to the will of Henry VIII. who left him a legacy of 100%. It is reported that Edward VI. was brought into the world by Dr. Owen's means, who performed the Cæsarian operation on his mother, queen Jane Seymour. He died in 1558, and was buried in St. Stephen's, Walbrook, in London. He wrote, A meet Diet for the new Ague, Lond. 1558, fol. In 1553 Edward VI. granted Durham college, in Oxford, to George Owen and William Martyn, which in the following year they sold to Sir Thomas Pope, who founded Trinity college on the site.

OWEN, (John,) Lat. Audoenus, a distinguished writer of Latin epigrams, was born at Armon, in Caernarvonshire, and educated at Winchester school, and at New college, Oxford, of which he became probationer fellow in 1582, and actual fellow in 1584. He afterwards kept a school at Trylegh, near Monmouth; and about 1594 he was chosen master of the free-school founded by Henry VIII. at Warwick. He generally laboured under necessitous circumstances, owing to indolence or imprudence. He had a rich uncle, upon whom lay his chief dependence, who was either a Papist, or at least popishly inclined; yet Owen's genius