nised Claude Gondimel, a musician of Franche Comté; but the identity of these is a point of uncertainty. In 1555 he was admitted into the pope's chapel at Rome. It is said that Marcellus II., scandalized at the light and injudicious manner in which the mass had been usually set and performed, had determined to banish music in parts entirely from the church; but that Palestrina, at the age of twenty-six, interceded with the pontiff to suspend the sentence till he should have heard a mass composed in a different style. Accordingly, at Easter 1555, he presented before the pope and cardinals his celebrated composition, entitled, Missa Papæ Marcelli, which was heard by them with so much pleasure and admiration, that music in divine service was restored to favour. In 1562 Palestrina was elected chapel-master to the church of Santa Maria Maggiore; and in 1571 he was appointed to the same office at St. Peter's. He opened a school of music at Rome in conjunction with his friend and fellowpupil, Gio. Maria Nanino, and greatly contributed to establish the superior reputation of the Italian musicians. He died in 1594, and was interred with extraordinary pomp at St. Peter's. His own composition, Libera nos Domine, was performed on the occasion. "This composer, by his fine taste and admirable skill in harmony, brought choral music to a degree of perfection that," says Dr. Burney, "has never been exceeded." The best church compositions since his time have, indeed, been proverbially called alla Palestrina, as professedly imitations of his manner. His works were numerous, and most of them are still extant. The principal of them are masses and motets; of the former, the finest is his Stabat Mater; of the latter, his Populus meus. PALEY, (William,) was the son of a clergyman, who held a small living near Peterborough, where the subject of this article was born, in July 1743. Soon afterwards his father removed to Giggleswick, in Yorkshire, where he was elected master of king Edward's grammar-school in that place. In November 1758 he was removed from this seminary to Christ's college, Cambridge, where he was entered a sizar. In 1763 he was admitted to the degree of B.A., and was senior wrangler. Being too young to enter into holy orders, he obtained the place of assistant in a school at Greenwich, which he retained for about three years. Having received deacon's orders, he became curate to Dr. Hinchliffe, then vicar of Greenwich, and afterwards bishop of Peterborough. In June 1766 he was elected a fellow on the foundation of Christ's college; and at the ensuing commencement he took his degree of M.A.. He did not, however, return to his residence in college until October 1767, when he engaged in the business of private tuition, which was soon followed by his appointment to the office of one of the college tutors. On the 21st of December, 1767, he was ordained a priest by bishop Terrick. After he had spent about ten years as college tutor, he quitted the university in 1776, and married. His first benefice was the rectory of Musgrove, in Westmoreland, worth only about 80l. a-year, which he obtained in May 1775; and in December 1776 he was inducted into the vicarage of Dalston, in Cumberland; and not long after to the living of Appleby, in Westmoreland, worth about 300l. per annum. In 1776 a new edition of bishop Law's Reflections on the Life and Character of Christ, originally published in the Consideration on the Theory of Religion, was given in a separate form at Cambridge, for the use of the students. To this treatise some brief Observations on the Character and Example of Christ were added, with an Appendix on the Morality of the Gospel; both from Paley's pen. While at Appleby he published a small volume selected from the Book of Common Prayer, and the writings of some eminent divines, entitled, The Clergyman's Companion in Visiting the Sick. In June 1780 he was collated to the fourth prebendal stall in the cathedral of Carlisle. In 1782 he was made archdeacon of Carlisle; and in 1785 he succeeded Dr. Burn, author of The Justice of Peace, in the chancellorship. While his residence was divided between Carlisle and Dalston, he engaged in the composition of his celebrated work, The Elements of Moral and Political Philosophy, which appeared in 1785, in 4to. In 1789 Mr. Gisborne published strictures on this work under the title of, The Principles of Moral Philosophy investigated. The author's system was also attacked by Mr. Pearson, tutor of Sidney college, Cambridge, in Remarks on the Theory of Morals, 1800, and, Annotations on the practical Part of Dr. Paley's Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy, 1801. While officiating as examining chaplain to the bishop of Carlisle, he caused a new edition to be published of Collyer's Sacred Interpreter, a work which he recommended to candidates for deacon's orders. In 1788 he joined in an effort for the abolition of the slave-trade, and corresponded with Mr. Clarkson and the committee, whose endeavours have been since crowned with success. In 1790 he published his Hora Paulinæ, or the Truth of the Scripture History of St. Paul evinced, by a comparison of the Epistles which bear his name with the Acts of the Apostles, and with one another. Soon after he compiled a small work, entitled, The Young Christian instructed in Reading, and the Principles of Religion. This having brought upon him a charge of plagiarism, he defended himself in a goodhumoured letter in the Gentleman's Magazine. In May 1792 he was instituted to the vicarage of Addingham, near Great Salkeld, on the presentation of the dean and chapter of Carlisle. During the political ferment excited by the French revolution, he published Reasons for Contentment, addressed to the labouring classes, and the chapter in his Moral Philosophy, on the British Constitution. In 1793 he vacated Dalston, on being collated to the vicarage of Stanwix. In 1794 he published his View of the Evidences of Christianity. In August of the same year Dr. Porteus, bishop of London, instituted him to the prebend of St. Pancras, in the cathedral of St. Paul; and soon after he was promoted to the subdeanery of Lincoln by Dr. Pretyman, bishop of that diocese. In 1795 he took his degree of D.D.; and about the same time he was presented by Dr. Barrington, bishop of Durham, to the valuable rectory of Bishop Wearmouth. He now resigned the prebend of Carlisle, and the living of Stanwix, and divided his residence principally between Lincoln and Bishop Wearmouth, spending his summers at the latter, and his winters at the former of those places. He next undertook the composition of his last work, entitled, Natural Theology, or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, collected from the appearances of Nature. In this he proceeded very slowly, and was much interrupted by ill-health; but the work was published in the summer of 1802. In 1804 his health was much upon the decline; and having experienced a severe attack in May 1805, it was evident that the powers of nature were exhausted, and medicine of no avail. He died on the 25th of May, 1805, under the accumulated influence of debility and disease, and was interred in the cathedral of Carlisle by the side of his first wife, 451 by whom he had eight children,-four sons and four daughters. After his death a volume of his Sermons was published. An edition of his Natural Theology, with notes and scientific illustrations, was published a few years since by lord Brougham and Sir C. Bell, the former furnishing a preliminary discourse of natural theology. Subjoined to the volume are some notes on various metaphysical points connected with the subject. Of his works published during his lifetime, an edition, by Lynam, appeared in 1825. A complete edition, in 4 vols, containing posthumous sermons, was published by his son, the Rev. Edmund Paley, in 1838. PALFIN, (John,) an eminent surgeon, was born at Ghent, in Flanders, in 1649, or 1650, and, being made anatomist and reader in surgery in that city, was much distinguished by his lectures as well as practice, and wrote upon several subjects with learning and judgment. He died in 1730. He had paid various visits to London, Paris, and Leyden, where he formed an acquaintance with the most eminent surgeons of his time. His first publication was a System of Osteology, in Flemish, which he afterwards translated into French, and which was often reprinted. In 1708 he published his Description Anatomique des Parties de la Femme qui servent à la Génération, together with Liceti's treatise on monsters, and a description of one born at Ghent, in 1703. In 1710 he printed his Anatomie Chirurgicale, ou Description exacte des Parties du Corps humain, avec des Remarques utiles aux Chirurgiens dans la Pratique de leur Art, in French; and in 1718 he reprinted it in Flemish. It was regarded as a valuable work, and was republished after his death, in France, Italy, and Germany. PALINGENIUS. See MANZOLLI, Or MANZOLI. PALISOT DE BEAUVOIS,_(Ambroise Marie François Joseph,) a French traveller and naturalist, was born in 1752 at Arras, and educated at the college d'Harcourt, at Paris. In 1781 he became a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, to which he addressed several mémoires on botany and vegetable physiology. He undertook a voyage to the coast of Guinea, with the intention of travelling across Africa to Egypt; but he was unable to execute that design, and after remaining some time at Owara and Benin, he sailed for St. Domingo, whence, in consequence of his opposition to the revolutionary attempts of the negroes, he GG 2 with difficulty escaped to Philadelphia, where he was obliged to support himself as a teacher of languages till the arrival of the French minister Adet, who afforded him the means of prosecuting inquiries into the natural history of America. He afterwards returned to France, and in 1806 was admitted into the Institute in the room of Adanson. He died in 1820. His principal works are, Flore d'Oware et de Benin; Insectes recueillis en Afrique et en Amérique; and, Essai d'une nouvelle Agrostographie, ou Nouveaux Genres des Graminées. PALISSOT DE MONTENOY, (Charles,) a French dramatic writer, born at Nanci in 1730. He entered into the congregation of the Oratory, but soon quitted it, and married at the age of eighteen. He then wrote a tragedy, which had no great success; on which he turned his attention to comedy, and after producing two pieces of some merit, he brought forward, at his native place, in 1755, his comedy entitled, Cercle, in which he gave offence to the philosophical party of the French literati, by ridiculing Jean Jacques Rousseau. In 1756 appeared his Petites Lettres contre de grands Philosophes; in 1760 was represented his comedy of Les Philosophes; and in 1764 he published his Dunciade, which he afterwards enlarged. He also wrote, Mémoires sur la Littérature, and other works. Towards the close of his life he was administrator of the Mazarine Library, and a correspondent of the Institute. He died in 1814. PALISSY, (Bernard,) an ingenious French artist, born in the diocese of Agen, about 1524. His original trade was that of a potter, which he exercised at Saintes. A thirst for instruction led him to travel throughout France, and into Lower Germany. For several years he employed himself in trying different experiments, in order to discover the method of painting in enamel. But on some person presenting him with a beautiful cup of that kind of stone-ware called by the French faïence, because it was first manufactured at Faenza, in Italy, the sight of this inflamed him with an earnest desire to discover the method of apply ing enamel to stone-ware; and he wasted his fortune, and even injured his health, without gaining his object. Still he gave it up only for a time; and when a few years of industry and frugality had put it in his power, he returned to his project with more ardour than ever. The same fatigues, the same sacrifices, the same expenses, were incurred a second time; but the result was different: he discovered, one after another, the whole series of operations, and ascertained the method of applying enamel to stone-ware, and of making earthenware superior to the best of the Italian manufacture. Not contented, however, with the fame of a mere artist, he became a chemist, an agriculturist, and a natural philosopher. He was also the first person who formed a collection of natural history at Paris, upon which he gave lectures, at half-acrown each person, under the obligation of returning it four-fold, should any thing which he taught be proved false. He published, Discours admirable de la Nature des Eaux et Fontaines, des Métaux, des Sols et Salines, des Pierres, des Terres, &c.; in which he was the first who taught the true theory of springs, and who ventured to assert that fossil shells were real sea-shells, deposited by the waters of the ocean; he also wrote, Le Moyen de devenir riche. Palissy was a Calvinist, and firmly attached to his religion. During the fury of the League, under Henry III. in 1584, he was committed to the Bastile. The king, who was his well-wisher, having told him that if he did not comply with the prevailing religion he should be constrained to leave him in the hands of his enemies, Palissy replied, "Your majesty has often said that you pity me: for my part, I pity you for pronouncing the words, shall be constrained.' This is not speaking like a king: but let me inform you that it is not in your power to constrain a potter to bend his knee before the images which he fabricates." He used commonly to say, in allusion to his religion and his trade, "I have no other property than heaven and earth." He died in the Bastile, in the ninetieth year of his age. A new and complete edition of his works was published at Paris in 1777, 4to, with notes by Faujas de SaintFond and Gobet. I PALLADINO, (Giacomo,) a theological writer, commonly called Giacomo de Teramo, from the name of the city in the farther Abruzzo, where he was born in 1349. He became successively bishop of Monopoli, archbishop of Tarento, of Florence, and of Spoletto. He also filled the post of administrator of the duchy of Spoletto, under Alexander V. and John XXIII. In 1417 he was sent into Poland, in the character of papal legate; and he died there in the same year. His best known work is, Compendium per breve, Consolatio Peccatorum nuncupatum, et apud nonnullos Belial vocitatum: id est, Processus Luciferi contra Jesum, Augsburg, 1472, fol., and frequently reprinted in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; it was also translated into almost all the languages of Europe. Peter Farget translated it into French, and published it at Lyons in 1485, 4to. PALLADIO, (Andrea,) a distinguished architect, born at Vicenza in 1518. He first exercised himself in sculpture; and it appears to have been the poet Gian-Giorgio Trissino, his townsman, who, first discovering his genius for the arts, gave him instruction in the mathematics, explained to him the works of Vitruvius, and took him to Rome, where he set himself to examine and to copy with great diligence all the remains of ancient edifices. In 1547 he returned to Vicenza, where he found the magistrates occupied about the reparation of their Basilica, or Palazzo della Ragione, a large Gothic edifice, the exterior of which he entirely remodelled. His reputation caused him to be sent for to Venice, where he made some alterations in the convent Della Carità, and built the palace Foscari in the style of pure antiquity. He was also employed upon a refectory and church for the monastery of S. Giorgio Maggiore, begun in 1556. The celebrated church called Il Redentore was not commenced by him till 1578, about two years before his death. Several other Italian cities were likewise decorated with magnificent edifices, public and private, of his construction; and he was invited to the court of Emanuel Philibert, duke of Savoy, who received him with distinguished honours. His masterpiece is the Teatro Olimpico at Vicenza, in imitation of that of Marcellus at Rome. He died at Vicenza on the 19th August, 1580, at the age of sixty-two. His Treatise on Architecture, in four Books, was first published at Venice in 1570, fol., and has been often reprinted. A magnificent edition in 3 vols, fol. was published in London in 1715, in Italian, French, and English. Another, equally splendid, has since been published at Venice, in 4 vols, fol., with the addition of his inedited buildings. Lord Burlington published in London, in 1730, I Disegni delle Terme Antiche di Andrea Palladio. He also composed a small work, entitled, Le Antichità di Roma, not printed till after his death. He illustrated Cæsar's Commentaries, by annexing to Badelli's translation of that work a long preface on the military system of the Romans, with copper-plates, designed for the most part by his two sons, Leonida and Orazio, who both died soon after. PALLADIUS, a prelate and ecclesiastical writer, born in Galatia about 368. He visited Alexandria when young, and there he embraced the monastic life. He afterwards retired to Palestine, whence, about 401, he removed into Bithynia, where he was made bishop of Helenopolis. He was much attached to Chrysostom; on whose death he went to Rome, where he wrote the History of the Hermits of the Desert, called also the Lausiac History, which was published, in Greek, by Meursius, at Amsterdam, in 1619; and in Latin, in the Bibliotheca Patrum, Paris, 1644. He was an Origenist, and an admirer of Ruffinus. He speaks vehemently against Jerome. There was another writer of the same name, who composed a Dialogue of the Life of St. Chrysostom, at Rome, in 408. It is not known whether he is the same, or a different person from the former. Du Pin thinks him the same; Tillemont and Fabricius take him to be another person. His Dialogue is published in the best editions of Chrysostom's works. PALLADIUS, commonly surnamed Sophista, or Iatrosophista, the author of three Greek medical works still extant, is supposed by Freind, in his History of Physic, to have lived after Aëtius; though this is doubted by Bernard. The first of his extant works is entitled, De Febribus concisa Synopsis; almost the whole of this is to be found in Galen, Aëtius, and Alexander Trallianus; it was first edited by Chartier, 4to, Gr. and Lat. Paris, 1646; the last and best edition is by J. St. Bernard, 8vo, Gr. and Lat. Lugd. Bat. 1745; another of his works is entitled, In Sextum Epidemiorum Librum Commentarius; it was first translated into Latin by J. P. Crassus, and published after his death, Basle, 1581, 4to, in the collection called Medici Antiqui Græci; the Greek text was published for the first time by F. R. Dietz, in his Scholia in Hippocratem et Galenum, &c. 2 vols, Svo, Regim. Pruss. 1834; the third work of Palladius is entitled, Scholia in Librum Hippocratis de Fracturis; these Scholia were translated into Latin by Jac. Santalbinus, and are inserted, Gr. and Lat., in the edition of Hippocrates by A. Foesius, Frankfort, 1595, fol. sect. vi.; and in that of Hippocrates and Galen by Chartier, tom. xii. PAL PALLAJUOLO, or POLLAJUOLO, (Antonio and Pietro,) two Florentine brothers, eminent for their skill in painting. Antonio, the elder, was born at Florence in 1426, and was brought up to the profession of a goldsmith and designer, under Bartolucci, and afterwards learned the art of casting figures in metal of Lorenzo Ghiberti, whom he assisted in executing the celebrated gates in the church of San Giovanni, at Florence, so much extolled by Michael Angelo. He also executed in bronze the tomb of Sixtus IV. and that of Innocent VIII.PIETRO was born in 1428, and studied painting in the school of Andrea Castagna, and, having distinguished himself by several admirable portraits at Florence, Antonio became his disciple. One of his most celebrated works is a picture of the Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, in the chapel of the Marchese Pucci, in the church of the Servi, at Florence. He was perfectly master of the anatomy of the human figure, in which he showed himself superior to all his contemporaries. Pietro chiefly distinguished himself in portrait painting. Among the historical subjects which Antonio and Pietro jointly executed are the Labours of Hercules, painted in the palace of the Medici. The two brothers died at Rome in 1498, and, after being united in their lives, were buried in the same tomb, in the church of St. Pietro in Vincula. Antonio was one of the earliest of the Italian engravers. Contemporary with Finiguerra, he is supposed to have learned the art from him, and engraved several plates, executed in a similar style. PALLAS, (Peter Simon,) a celebrated traveller and naturalist, was the son of a surgeon at Berlin, and was born there in 1741, and educated at Halle, at Göttingen, and at Leyden, where he took his doctor's degree, on which occasion he wrote an inaugural dissertation on intestinal worms. In 1761 he came to London, where he remained for nearly a twelvemonth. In 1763 he settled at the Hague, where, in 1766, he published his Elenchus Zoophytorum, which was followed in the same year by his Miscellanea Zoologica. In 1767 he accepted from the empress Catharine the professorship of natural history in the Imperial Academy of Sciences at Petersburg. At the time of his arrival in Russia an expedition was on the eve of setting out, by command of the empress, for the purpose of observing the transit of Venus, and of investigating the natural history 454 PAL and geography of Siberia and the other northern parts of the Russian empire. Pallas gladly accepted an invitation to accompany the expedition, which set off in June 1768. He had previously prepared several numbers of the Spicilegia Zoologica for publication; and he had also presented his first celebrated memoir to the Academy on the fossil bones of great quadrupeds, which have been met with in such great numbers in Siberia. The first summer was spent in traversing the plains of European Russia, and the winter was passed at Simbirsk, on the Wolga. The next year the expedition visited the borders of Calmuck Tartary, when Pallas carefully examined the shores of the Caspian Sea. In 1770 he crossed the Uralian Mountains to Catharinenburg, and, after examining the mines in that neighbourhood, proceeded to Tobolsk, the capital of Siberia. The year following the expedition reached the Altai Mountains, forming the southern boundary of Siberia. Thence they proceeded to Krasnoyarsk, on the Yenesei. The next spring Pallas penetrated across the mountains to the frontiers of China, whence he proceeded homewards, visiting Astracan and the neighbourhood of Mount Caucasus on the way back. He reached Petersburg in July 1774, broken down in health, and with his hair whitened from fatigue and disease. He received many marks of favour from the empress, who decorated him with titles, and gave him several lucrative appointThe office of instructing the ments. grand-dukes Alexander (afterwards emperor) and Constantine in the natural and physical sciences was also entrusted to him. He was so much delighted with the climate and productions of the Crimea, that he asked and obtained permission of the empress to settle there. In 1795 he went thither, and continued to reside there for fifteen years, occupied in his researches in natural history. At last he sold his property, and returned in 1810 to Berlin, where he died in the following year. He was a member of the Royal Society of London, of the Institute of France, and of several other foreign academies, besides that of Petersburg; and he wrote many memoirs, which will be found in their different Transactions. His principal works, besides those already mentioned, are, Travels through different Provinces of the Russian Empire, in German; Novæ Species Quadrupedum ex Glirium Ordine; this is one of his best works; Flora Rossica, illustrated with |