-a dear bought victory to the South, for "Stonewall" Jackson was mortally wounded in mistake by his own soldiers. Gen. Lee, needing supplies, now invaded Pennsylvania. The defeated Burnside was succeeded by Gen. Meade, who took up a strong position at Gettysburg. Gen. Lee failed in his attack, made with inferior numbers and artillery, and retreated, as at Antietam, with the same order and success. In the meantime Gen. Grant had starved Vicksburg into surrender, and opened the Mississippi. Charlestown was bombarded, and Fort Sumter, though battered into a mere ruin was still defended. General Rosencranz penetrated to Chattanooga, where he was defeated by Gen. Bragg. The war had lasted three years; with immense forces, great battles, great slaughter, great suffering North and South. The Northern people were getting tired of the war. Peace meetings were held; there were terrible riots in New York against conscription and the negroes. The banks had suspended specie payments, and the paper money of both governments was greatly depreciated.

In the beginning of 1864, the Federals had nearly 100,000 prisoners of war. The Confederates had about 40,000. There was much suffering among these prisoners on both sides; but most at the South, where they were scant of provisions and clothing, and destitute of medicines. General Grant, who had been successful at the West, was appointed commander-in-chief. The Federals had now 1,000,000 of men in the field, with the command of the sea, and of the markets of Europe. The Confederate forces did not exceed 250,000, and their country, cut off by the blockade from foreign aid, except the little that could dribble in by fleet steamers, running in and out of Southern harbours under the guns of Federal blockaders, was nearly exhausted.

The army of the Potomac, which covered Washington, advanced toward Richmond, under General Meade; General Butler went up the James River; General Sigel advanced by

the route of the Shenandoah. Sherman united the Tennessee armies at Chattanooga; General Banks commanded the invading force in Louisiana. In March, the latter moved up the Red River, but was defeated, and driven back to New Orleans. The campaign of Virginia began in May with a series of battles, in which the Federals were repulsed with heavy losses; but as they were constantly recruited they renewed their efforts from new positions, until they had made half the circuit of the Confederate capital. General Breckenridge defeated General Sigel, on the Shenandoah; but General Sherdian, with a strong cavalry force, laid waste the country, and General Sherman burned Atlanta, destroyed the railways which connected the Gulf States with Virginia, and marched through Georgia to Savannah.

In 1865, the Federals made a new conscription of half a million of men. The South was nearly exhausted of men and means. Their most important sea ports were taken. Charleston and Savannah, attacked in the rear by Sherman, were abandoned. Cavalry raids cut off the supplies of the Confederate army in Virginia. On March 29th, a series of assaults began on the Confederate defences, which lasted nine days. The Confederates ate their last rations, fired their last shots, and, on the 9th of April, General Lee surrendered the little remnant of his army, numbering 28,000, and the other Confederate armies followed his example. The cause was lost. Seldom has any cause been more heroically defended.

While the North was rejoicing over the successful termination of the war, April 14, came the news of the assassination of President Lincoln, and Andrew Johnson became President. The army was disbanded; 800,000 men were at once paid off and mustered out of the service. Happily there was no lack of money. The printing presses at Washington worked night and day to print the Government Greenbacks, and an army of clerks was employed to sign them. They were not worth much,

it is true, but as Congress had made them legal tender, everybody was obliged to take them. The Confederate paper was, of course, quite worthless, and the whole South was moneyless, bankrupt, disorganised and desolate. Large portions of the country had been over-run and ravaged by the Federal armies. Four years of war had exhausted the people. The slaves, set free by Act of Congress, would no longer work, and gathered in the towns to be fed by the Freedman's Bureau- -a government charity. The country, North and South, was full of mourning; but the North also rejoiced in her victory, all the more that it had been so long in coming. The South was in despair as well as desolation. The country was ruined-the cause was lost-her richest blood had been shed in vain.

The odds against the South were too strong. Four millions of her population were negroes, of whom she made no use as soldiers. The Federal Government called out more than two millions and a half of men. The South had in 1864, 549,000. The Federal losses during the war were estimated at 275,000. The State of New York furnished 223,836 men; at the end of the war there remained of these 125,000. There was a waste of one third every year, half of which was by wounds in battle.

In the last campaign of the war, whose operations were directed by Gen. Grant, the Federal forces in the field outnumbered the Confederates three to one at least; and the Federal losses in Virginia far exceeded the number of General Lee's army which finally surrendered. A large part of this loss was occasioned by a want of generalship in the Federal leaders. Seldom in modern warfare have men been so recklessly ex pended. But politicians ruled at Washington; the country was impatient; and General Grant's only idea of strategy was to keep fighting, sure that, whatever his own losses, he could bear them better than the beleaguered, fast wasting, doomed Confederates.

How the North conquered the South; how General Grant defeated General Lee; how the war was brought to its end in four years and three months from its commencement in 1861, may be seen by the statistics of the last year of war in Virginia. General Grant assumed the command of the Northern Army in May, 1864, and crossed the Rapidan with 125,000 men. General Lee had at that time an effective force of 52,000. Grant's reinforcements up to the battle of Cold Harbour, June 3, were 97,000; Lee's to the same date were 18,000, so that Grant had 222,000 men, and Lee 70,000-more than three to one. Then came the battles of the Wilderness, and when both armies had reached the James' River, June 10, Grant's army had lost 117,000, and Lee's army had lost 19,000. Grant had more than three men to Lee's one, he lost more than six to Lee's one, and lost more than the whole number that Lee had under his command. And this work went on all the autumn, and winter, and spring, and six Northerners were killed or wounded for every Southerner placed hors du combat, until the South was exhausted, and Lee surrendered. It was this generalship which ended the war and made Grant President.

The general sympathy with the South in England and several other countries in Europe was owing to several causes. Generous men naturally take the side of the weaker party. There was some jealousy of the growing power of the Western Republic. English manufacturers hoped for a better market with a freetrade agricultural country. Monarchists were not sorry to see a Republic made by one revolution divided by another. And Liberals and Republicans naturally held to the right of every people to choose their own form of government. Whatever the reasons may have been, the sympathy with the South in England was all but universal. But for the question of slavery, which inevitably became mingled with the war as it went on, there would have been but one feeling in England; and there is little doubt that there would have been an early recognition

of the independence of the Confederate States. As it was, nearly the whole press of England was Confederate in its sympathies, and the people, not only the upper and middle classes, but the lower were full of admiration for the South. It was shown in many ways. Popular theatres produced Confederate dramas; Confederate songs were sung in all the music Halls of London, and I presume also in the provinces. We saw everywhere the portraits of Lee, Beauregard, and Stonewall Jackson. But it is only necessary to remember the leading articles and correspondence of the Times, Daily Telegraph, Standard, Saturday Review, &c., to remember the sensation produced by the affair of the Trent, to recall the general feeling of England, and Western Europe respecting the civil war in America.

Of course, the Federal Government, and the loyal people of the North felt all this very bitterly, and rejoiced all the more in their victory, not only over their rebels at home, but their enemies abroad.

The history of the war has yet to be written.

CHAPTER XLIII

AFTER THE WAR.

It

THE war, which was to have been fairly ended in ninety days, lasted four years. It was carried on in the spirit of rage and hatred of which I have given the public expression in extracts from some of the more important journals of the North. ended in the utter defeat and ruin of the South. The whole Southern country had been overrun by Northern armies which ate up and destroyed everything in their way. Spreading their wings of cavalry, these armies covered a track fifty miles broad,