Biology and the Exploration of Mars: Report of a Study

absorption abundance amino acids ammonia atmosphere bacteria biochemical biochemistry biological carbon dioxide carbonaceous chondrites cell cent chemical chemistry complex composition contamination dark areas desert soils detection Dollfus electron electron microscope energy environment enzymes evolution example exobiology experiments exploration of Mars extraterrestrial Figure fluorescence fly-by gas chromatographic hydrogen infrared instrument laboratory lander launch vehicle light limonite living things Mars Martian Martian surface material mechanism metabolism microorganisms microscope missions molecular molecules nitrogen nucleic acids observations obtained optical activity orbiter organic compounds organic matter origin Oró oxidation oxygen particles photographs photosynthesis planet planetary polarization polymer possible present primitive Earth probability problem PROFILE proteinoid proteins radiation range reaction resolution Sagan sample Saturn Saturn IB scientific payload significant solar Space spacecraft specific spectroscopy sterilization structure survival synthesis techniques temperatures terrestrial thermal tion trajectory ultraviolet Venus wave of darkening wavelengths weight