Gender and Social MovementsDo men and women experience participation in social movements differently? Are gender roles reproduced or undermined during a struggle for liberation? In this brief text examining gender roles in social movements, M. Bahati Kuumba shows how liberation struggles are viewed through women's eyes and how gender affects women's mobilization, strategies, and outcomes in social movement organizations. Using two well-known examples, the American civil rights movement and the South African national liberation movement, Kuumba documents the circumscribed roles of women, the unheralded role of movement leaders such as Ella Baker and Frances Baard, and how gender affected movement activities and results. Gender and Social Movements is the ideal text to introduce a sophisticated view of race and gender into social movement courses. |
Contents
The Social Movement as Gendered Terrain | 3 |
What Are Social Movements and Why Study Them? | 5 |
Contested Social Terrain | 11 |
Social Movements through a Gender Lens | 15 |
Transforming the Sociology of Social Movements | 23 |
Background and History The Case Studies in Comparative Gender Perspective | 25 |
Why These Movements? Background and Historical Context | 26 |
Gender Intersecting RaceClass Domination | 31 |
The Mesolevel | 77 |
Grievances Action Frames and Identities | 89 |
A Synthesis of the Macro Meso and Microlevels | 95 |
Social Resistance Strategies The Myth of Gender Neutrality | 97 |
The Structuring of Social Protest | 99 |
Gender Symmetry and Asymmetry in Resistance Strategies | 101 |
Womens Political Cultures | 109 |
Beyond the Myth of Gender Neutral Strategy | 116 |
Gender Integration and Parallelism in Social Movements | 33 |
Civil Rights and Black Power in the United States | 34 |
The AntiApartheid Movement in South Africa | 41 |
Toward Comparative Gendered Social Movement Analysis | 47 |
Theorizing Gender in Social Movements | 49 |
Theorizing Social Movements | 50 |
Macro Meso and Microlevels | 51 |
The Political Process Model | 53 |
Resource Mobilization Theory | 55 |
New Social Movement Theories | 58 |
Emergent Theory from Movement Lives | 59 |
The AntiPass Campaign and the Montgomery Bus Boycott | 60 |
Getting Fired Up Gendered Factors in Movement Mobilization | 69 |
The Macrolevel Dimension | 71 |
Repercussions Gendered Interests and Social Movement Outcomes | 119 |
Strategic Practical and Interactive | 121 |
Whats Gender Got to Do with It? | 125 |
Civil Rights and AntiApartheid Outcomes | 128 |
Trends in Gendered Social Movement Research | 140 |
Appendix 1 Womens Charter Adopted at the Founding Conference of the Federation of South African Women Johannesburg 17 April 1954 | 143 |
WHAT IS THE FIRST THING A MOTHER THINKS OF? | 148 |
THE DEMAND OF THE WOMEN OF SOUTH AFRICA FOR THE WITHDRAWAL OF PASSES FOR WOMEN AND THE REPEAL OF THE PAS... | 151 |
MALIBONGWE CONFERENCE PROGRAMME OF ACTION excerpt | 153 |
SNCC POSITION PAPER Women in the Movement | 155 |
REFERENCES | 161 |
| 181 | |
ABOUT THE AUTHOR | |
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Common terms and phrases
activists Afri African American African American women African descent African National Congress African Women FSAW anti-apartheid movement anti-pass campaign apartheid Baker Black Feminist Black Panther Party Black Power Black Radical Black Radical Congress Buechler cial civil rights movement collective action frames Crossroads cultural differential dominant dynamics Ella Baker emergence Federation of South female Feminism forced Frances Baard Freedom gender equality gender ideologies gender interests gender lens gender roles Gendered Social Movement identities impact inequality interaction leadership liberation movement male mass McAdam ment Montgomery Bus Boycott mothers movement activities movement mobilization movement organizations movement participants movement structures national liberation networks Nonviolent numbers organizational pass laws political opportunities race racial resistance strategies resource mobilization Robnett scholars SNCC social move Social Movement Outcomes social movement strategy social movement theories social resistance society Sociology South African Women tion transformation United Walker White Women's Movement women's organizations Women's Political Council workers