The Economic Decline of Empires

A. H. M. Jones agriculture Ammian Arab arbitristas army barbarians became bureaucratic Byzantine Byzantine Empire Cádiz Caliphs capital Castile Castile's Castilian Catalonia cent China cities cloths commercial Constantinople crisis Crown Crown of Aragon Crown of Castile decline of Spain denarii ducats Dutch Dutch Republic East economic decline Egypt eighteenth century Emperor English estates Europe European export favour fiscal foreign fourth century Genoa Genoese gold guilds Hist Holland Hui-chou imperial important increased industry Islam Italian Italy Julian L'Empire labour land landowners Late Empire later Mamluk merchants military Moriscos Muslim Olivares Ottoman Empire peasants Philip Philip II population ports production provinces revenue Roman Empire Rome Salvian second half Seljuq seventeenth century Seville ships silk silver sixteenth century slaves social Spanish Storia taxation third century trade traditional Turkish vellon Venetian Venice Western woollen