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mencement of the book, or to remove the Whales and other Cetacea from the place they have near the fishes. I have therefore placed the Monkeys and their allies at the end of the terrestrial Mammalia, instead of at the beginning; and commenced the third book with the Cetacea.

In the present edition, the whole of the descriptions of the animals have been corrected, so as to bring the whole down to the present state of Zoological knowledge; and in the Introduction a Sketch of the Modern System of Arrangement of the Animal Kingdom has been added to that of Linnæus.

Bayswater, December 20th, 1849.

J. W. L.

INTRODUCTION.

Zoology is that branch of Natural History which treats of animals, and embraces not only their structure and functions, their habits, instincts, and utility, but their names and systematic arrangement.

Various systems have been proposed by different naturalists for the scientific arrangement of the animal kingdom, but that of Cuvier, with some modifications by Lamarck and Latreille, is now thought the best, and a sketch of it will be found under the head of the Modern System in this Introduction. As, however, the System of Linnæus was formerly in general use, and is still often referred to, it has been thought advisable to give a sketch of it first; that the reader may be aware of the difference between the old system and the new one.

LINNEAN SYSTEM.

ACCORDING to the system of Linnæus, the objects comprehended within the animal kingdom were divided into six classes: Mammalia or Mammiferous Animals, Birds, Amphibia, or Amphibious Animals, Fishes, Insects, and Worms, which were thus distinguished;

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The first class, or Mammalia, consists of such animals as produce living offspring, and nourish their young ones with milk supplied from their own bodies; and it comprises both the quadrupeds and the

cetacea.

This class was divided by Linæus into seven Orders: viz. primates, bruta, feræ, glires, pecora, bellua, and cetacea (this order was called Cete by Linnæus) or whales. The characteristics of these were founded, for the most part, on the number and arrangement of the teeth; and

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