Environmental Research and Development: US Industrial Research, the Clean Air Act, and Environmental Damage'In this book, John Scott offers a pioneering approach applying the tools of industrial organization to environmental policy. His lucid theoretical analysis combined with compelling econometric methods results in insights about the contribution made b |
Contents
| 1 | |
2 Hazardous Industrial Chemicals | 7 |
3 A Survey of Industry | 17 |
4 The Industrial RD Response | 36 |
5 A Theoretical Model | 53 |
6 The Hypothesis Tests | 67 |
7 Cooperative RD | 99 |
8 Environmental RD Emissions and Policy | 113 |
Glossary for Variables | 124 |
References | 130 |
Appendices | 134 |
Index | 161 |
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Environmental Research and Development: US Industrial Research, the Clean ... John T. Scott No preview available - 2003 |
Common terms and phrases
1,1,1-Trichloroethane average background research Chapter Clean Air Act company's R&D cooperative ventures Dartmouth College degrees of freedom dummy variable dynamic competition emissions problems environmental performance environmental R&D explanatory variables firms four-digit industries hazard rate Hazard Rate's Effect hazardous air pollutants IMPSC Including Hazard Rate's industry effects lessen toxic air m-Xylenes MED2PR NTAP NTAPC null hypothesis Number Number of Title o-Cresol percent predictions probit probit model process R&D processes to lessen product R&D products to lessen question questionnaire R&D intensity R&D investment R&D projects R&D to reduce reduce emissions research on toxic RIII RISKY SALES sample seller concentration SIC industries specification survey Table Title III chemicals Title III emissions Title III pollutants Title III R&D Tobit Tobit model total R&D toxic air emissions toxic air pollutants toxic emissions toxic releases Toxics Release Inventory types of R&D types of Title Unconditional Expected Value Value of PROD3RD variables as specified zero
Popular passages
Page 136 - Chemical Name Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetonitrile Acetophenone 2-Acetylaminofluorene Acrolein Acrylamide Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Allyl chloride 4-Aminobiphenyl Aniline o-Anisidine Asbestos Benzene (including benzene from gasoline) Benzidine Benzotrichloride Benzyl chloride Biphenyl Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP) Bis(chloromethyl)ether Bromoform...
Page 121 - Chapter 5, we found that for a variable that makes alpha smaller as the variable is increased, then increasing the variable will cause a company to do more environmental R&D. The company, other things being the same, will find it profitable to do more R&D to make the distribution for the performance of its innovation more favorable. The stringency of the standard for acceptable environmental performance is just such a variable. The more stringent the standard as measured by an index variable X, then...
Page 69 - Stated differently, it is, for a given set of explanatory variables, the expected value of the index function y* given that y* is greater than zero. Or, equivalently, it is, for those values of the explanatory variables, the expected value of y given that y* exceeds zero. Thus, it is the mean of the positive ys. The expected amount of...
Page 69 - Dividing each term of the model through by a to give normalized coefficients, one can compute the standard normal index value for an observation, and the value of the cumulative normal distribution for that index value corresponds to the probability of observing Title III process R&D for the company. The nonnormalized Tobit coefficients themselves are predicting the value of...
Page 70 - It affects the conditional mean of y' in the positive part of the distribution, and it affects the probability that the observation will fall in that part of the distribution.
Page 121 - X variables determine alpha; as alpha increases there is a favorable shift in the probability distribution over the performance — as judged relative to the regulated environmental standards — for the innovative technology produced by a company's environmental R&D investments. As alpha increases, the distribution shifts to the right, centering over higher performance for the innovative technology.
Page 121 - R&D increases the probability of an innovation with adequate environmental performance; hence, it increases the probability of avoiding the tax — realizing the value of not having to pay it. The tax increases the value of doing R&D.