To what or whom he owes his idle fear

To ghost, to witch, to fairy, or to fiend,

But wonders, and no end of wondering finds."*

It must also be remembered, that to the auricular deceptions practised by the means of ventriloquism or otherwise, may be traced many of the most suceessful impostures which credulity has received as supernatural communications.

The sense of touch seems less liable to perversion than either that of sight or smell, nor are there many cases in which it can become accessary to such false intelligence, as the eye and ear, collecting their objects from a greater distance, and by less accurate inquiry, are but too ready to convey. Yet there is one circumstance in which the sense of touch as well as others is very apt to betray its possessor into inaccuracy, in respect to the circumstances which it impresses on its owner. The case occurs during sleep, when the dreamer touches with his hand some other part of his own person. He is clearly, in this case, both the actor and patient, both the proprietor of the member touching, and of that which is touched; while, to increase the complication, the hand is both toucher of the limb on which it rests, and receives an impression of touch from it; and the same is the case with the limb, which at one and the same time receives an impression from the hand, and conveys to the mind a report respecting the size, substance, and the like, of the member touching. Now, as during sleep, the patient is unconscious that both limbs are his own identical property, his mind is apt to be much disturbed by the complication of sensations arising from two parts of his person being at once acted upon,

*The poem of "Albania" is, in its original folio edition, so extremely scarce, that I have only seen a copy belonging to the amiable and in genious Dr. Beattie, besides the one which I myself possess, printed in the earlier part of last century. It was reprinted by my late friend Dr. Leyden, in a small volume, entitled "Scottish Descriptive Poems." "Albania" contains the above, and many other poetical passages of the highest merit.

and from their reciprocal action and false impressions are thus received, which, accurately inquired into, would afford a clew to many puzzling pheno mena in the theory of dreams. This peculiarity of the organ of touch, as also that it is confined to no particular organ, but is diffused over the whole person of the man, is noticed by Lucretius:

Ut si forte manu, quam vis jam corporis, ipse
Tute tibi partem ferias, æque experiare.

A remarkable instance of such an illusion was told me by a late nobleman. He had fallen asleep, with some uneasy feelings arising from indigestion. They operated in their usual course of visionary terrors. At length they were all summed up in the apprehension, that the phantom of a dead man held the sleeper by the wrist, and endeavoured to drag him out of bed. He awaked in horror, and still felt the cold dead grasp of a corpse's hand on his right wrist. It was a minute before he discovered that his own left hand was in a state of numbness, and with it he had accidentally encircled his right arm.

The taste and the smell, like the touch, convey more direct intelligence than the eye and the ear, and are less likely than those senses to aid in misleading the imagination. We have seen the palate, in the case of the porridge-fed lunatic, enter its protest against the acquiescence of eyes, ears, and touch, in the gay visions which gilded the patient's confinement. The palate, however, is subject to imposition as well as the other senses. The best and most acute bon vivant loses his power of discriminating between different kinds of wine, if he is prevented from assisting his palate by the aid of his eyes, that is, if the glasses of each are administered indiscriminately while he is blindfolded. Nay, we are authorized to believe, that individuals have died in consequence of having supposed themselves to have taken poison, when, in reality, the draught E

they had swallowed as such, was of an innoxious or restorative quality. The delusions of the stomach can seldom bear upon our present subject, and are not otherwise connected with supernatural appearances, than as a good dinner and its accompaniments are essential in fitting out a daring Tam O'Shanter, who is fittest to encounter them, when the poet's observation is not unlikely to apply

"Inspiring bauld John Barleycorn,

What dangers thou canst make us scorn!
Wi' tippenny we fear nae evil,

Wi' usquebae we 'll face the Devil,

The swats sae ream'd in Tammie's noddle,
Fair play, he caredna deils a bodłe!"

Neither has the sense of smell, in its ordinary state, much connexion with our present subject. Mr. Aubrey tells us, indeed, of an apparition, which disappeared with a curious perfume as well as a most melodious twang; and popular belief ascribes to the presence of infernal spirits, a strong relish of the sulphureous element of which they are inhabitants. Such accompaniments, therefore, are usually united with other materials for imposture. If, as a general opinion assures us, which is not positively discountenanced by Dr. Hibbert, by the inhalation of certain gases or poisonous herbs, necromancers can dispose a person to believe he sees phantoms, it is likely that the nostrils are made to inhale such suffumigation, as well as the mouth.*

I have now arrived, by a devious path, at the conclusion of this letter, the object of which is to

* Most ancient authors, who pretend to treat of the wonders of na tural magic, give receipts for calling up phantoms. The lighting lamps fed by peculiar kinds of medicated oil, and the use of suffumigations of strong and deleterious herbs, are the means recommended. From these authorities, perhaps, a professor of legerdemain assured Dr. Alderson, of Hull, that he could compose a preparation of antimony, sulphur, and other drugs, which, when burnt in a confined room, would have the effect of causing the patient to suppose he saw phantoms. See Hibbert on Apparitions, p. 120.

show from what attributes of our nature, whether mental or corporeal, arises that predisposition to believe in supernatural occurrences. It is, I think, conclusive, that mankind, from a very early period, have their minds prepared for such events by the consciousness of the existence of a spiritual world, inferring in the general proposition the undeniable truth, that each man, from the monarch to the beggar, who has once acted his part on the stage, continues to exist, and may again, even in a disimbodied state, if such is the pleasure of Heaven, for aught that we know to the contrary, be permitted or ordained to mingle among those who yet remain in the body. The abstract possibility of apparitions must be admitted by every one who believes in a Deity and his superintending omnipotence. But imagination is apt to intrude its explanations and inferences founded on inadequate evidence. Sometimes our violent and inordinate passions, originating in sorrow for our friends, remorse for our crimes, our eagerness of patriotism, or our deep sense of devotion-these or other Violent excitements of a moral character, in the visions of night, or the rapt ecstasy of the day, persuade us that we witness, with our eyes and ears, an actual instance of that supernatural communication, the possibility of which cannot be denied. At other times, the corporeal organs impose upon the mind, while the eye and the ear, diseased, deranged, or misled, convey false impressions to the patient. Very often both the mental delusion and the physical deception exist at the same time, and men's belief of the phenomena presented to them, however erroneously, by the senses, is the firmer and more readily granted, that the physical impression corresponded with the mental excitement.

So many causes acting thus upon each other in various degrees, or sometimes separately, it must happen early in the infancy of every society, that

there should occur many apparently well-authenticated instances of supernatural intercourse, satisfactory enough to authenticate peculiar examples of the general proposition which is impressed upon us by belief of the immortality of the soul. These examples of undeniable apparitions (for they are apprehended to be incontrovertible), fall like the seed of the husbandman, into fertile and prepared soil, and are usually followed by a plentiful crop of superstitious figments, which derive their sources from circumstances and enactments in sacred and profane history, hastily adopted, and prevented from their genuine reading. This shall be the subject of my next letter.

LETTER II.

Consequences of the Fall on the communication between Men and the Spiritual World-Effects of the Flood-Wizards of Pharaoh-Text in Exodus against Witches-The word Witch is by some said to mean merely Poisoner-Or if in the Holy Text it also means a Divineress, she must, at any rate, have been a Character very different to be identified with it-The original, Chasaph, said to mean a Person who dealt in Poisons, often a traffic of those who dealt with familiar Spirits-But different from the European Witch of the Middle Ages-Thus a Witch is not accessary to the Temptation of Job-The Witch of the Hebrews probably did not rank higher than a Divining Woman-Yet it was a Crime deserving the Doom of Death, since it inferred the disowning of Jehovah's Supremacy-Other Texts of Scripture, in like manner, refer to something corresponding more with a Fortune-teller or Divining Woman, than what is now called a Witch-Example of the Witch of Endor-Account of her Meeting with Saul-Supposed by some a mere Impostor-By others, a Sorceress powerful exough to raise the Spirit of the Prophet by her own Art-Difficulties attending both Positions-A middle course adopted, supposing that, as in the case of Balak, the Almighty had, by exertion of his Will, substituted Samuel, or a good spirit in his character, for the deception which the Witch intended to produce-Resumption of the Argument, showing that the Witch of Endor signified something very different from the modern ideas of Witchcraft-The Witches mentioned in the New Testament are not less different from modern ideas, than those of the Books of Moses, nor do they appear to have possessed the Power ascribed to Magicians-Articles of Faith which we may gather from