The Copernican Achievement

absurd accepted Almagest Andreas Osiander anomaly appears argue arguments Aristotelian Aristotle Aristotle's assumption astronomy Book celestial century circle circular motion claims Clavius comets Commentariolus commentary concept Coper Copernican Revolution Copernican theory Copernicus cosmological Cracow derivation diameter discussion Duhem earth ecliptic edition epicycle equant equinoxes Erasmus Reinhold error fact Figure Funkenstein Galileo heavens heliocentric heuristic Hipparchus hypotheses Ibid Imre Lakatos inertial motion interpretation Johannes Kepler Lakatos Lectorem logical lunar distance Maestlin manuscript mathematical medieval ment method methodology moon Narratio Prima natural philosophy nicus Nürnberg obliquity observations orbit orbs Osiander Osiander's parallax parameters period philosophical philosophy of science physical position Praetorius Prague precession predictions principle problem Professor Prutenic Tables Ptolemy Ptolemy's question Ravetz Reinhold research programs revolutionibus Rheticus rotation scientific solar distance sphere stars superior planets Timocharis tion tradition Tycho Brahe University Venus Westman Wittenberg Wrocław