1832. BANK OF THE UNITED STATES-VETO. without its consent, Congress have parted with their power for a term of years, during which the constitution is a dead letter. It is neither necessary nor proper to transfer its legislative powers to such a bank, and therefore unconstitutional. It cannot be necessary to the character of the bank, as a fiscal agent of the government, that its private business should be exempt from that taxation to which all the state banks are liable; nor can I conceive it “proper,” that the substantive and most essential powers reserved by the states shall be thus attacked and annihilated as a means of executing the powers delegated to the general government. It may be safely assumed that none of those sages who had an agency in forming or adopting our constitution ever imagined that any portion of the taxing power of the states, not prohibited to them nor delegated to Congress, was to be swept away and annihilated as a means of executing certain powers delegated to Congress. and privileges for which they pay a bonus and which the states tax in their own banks. The exercise of these powers within a state, no matter by whom, or under what authority, whether by private citizens in their original right, by corporate bodies created by the states, By its silence, considered in connexion with the de- by foreigners or the agents of foreign governments loFrom this, and like sources, from the cision of the Supreme Court in the case of McCulloch cated within their limits, forms a legitimate object of against the state of Maryland, this act takes from the state taxation. states the power to tax a portion of the banking busi- persons, property, and business, that are found residing, ness carried on within their limits, in subversion of one located, or carried on under their jurisdiction, must the of the strongest barriers which secured them against states since the surrender of the right to raise a revenue federal encroachments. Banking, like farming, manu- from imports and exports, draw all the money necessary facturing, or any other occupation or profession, is a for the support of their governments and the maintebusiness, the right to follow which is not originally de-nance of their independence. There is no more aprived from the laws. Every citizen and every company propriate subject of taxation than banks, banking and of citizens in all of our states, possessed the right until bank stocks, and none to which the states ought more the state legislatures deemed it good policy to prohibit pertinaciously to cling. private banking by law. If the prohibitory state laws were now repealed, every citizen would again possess the right. The state banks are a qualified restoration of the right which has been taken away by the laws against banking, guarded by such provisions and limi- | tations as in the opinion of the state legislatures, the • public interest requires. These corporations, unless there be an exemption in their charter, are, like private bankers and banking companies, subject to state taxation. The manner in which these taxes shall be laid It may be depends wholly on legislative discretion. upon the bank, upon the stock, upon the profits, or in any other mode which the sovereign power shall will. Upon the formation of the constitution, the states granted their taxing power with peculiar jealousy,they surrendered it only as it regards imports and exports. In relation to every other object within their jurisdiction, whether persons, property, business, or profession, it was secured in as ample a manner as it All persons, though United was before possessed. States' officers, are liable to a poll tax by the states within which they reside; the lands of the United States are liable to the usual land tax, except in the new states, from whom agreements that they will not tax unsold lands, are exacted when they are admitted into the Union; horses, wagons, any beasts or vehicles, tools or property, belonging to private citizens, though employed in the service of the United States, are subject to state taxation. Every private business, whether carried on by an officer of the general government or not, whether it be mixed with public concerns or not, even if it be carried on by the government of the United States itself, separately, or in partnership, falls within the scope of the taxing power of the state. Nothing comes more fully within it than banks and the business of banking, by whomsoever instituted and carried on. Over this whole subject matter, it is just as absolute, unlimited and uncontrollable as if the constitution had never been adopted, because in the formation of that instrument, it was reserved without qualification. The principle is conceded, that the states cannot rightfully tax the operations of the General Government. They cannot tax the money of the Government deposited in the State Banks, nor the agency of those Banks in remitting it; but will any man maintain that their mere selection to perform this public service for the General Government would exempt the state banks and their ordinary business from state taxation? Had the United States, instead of establishing a Bank at Philadelphia, employed a private Banker to keep and transmit their funds, would it have deprived Pennsylvania of the right to tax his Bank and his usual banking operations? It will not be pretended. Upon what principle, then, are the banking establishments of the Bank of the United States and their usual banking operations, to be exempted from taxation. It is not their public agency or the deposits of the government which the states claim a right to tax, but their banks and their banking powers, instituted and exercised, within state jurisdiction for their private emolument-those powers If our power over means is so absolute that the Supreme Court will not call in question the constitutionality of an act of Congress, the subject of which is "not prohibited, and is really calculated to effect any of the objects entrusted to the government," although, as in the case before me, it takes away powers expressly. granted to Congress, and rights scrupulously reserved to the States, it becomes us to proceed in our legisla tion with the utmost caution. Though not directly, our own powers and the rights of the States may be inWe may not enact that Congress directly legislated away in the use of means to execute substantive powers. shall not have the power of exclusive legislation over the District of Columbia, but we may pledge the faith of the United States that, as a means of executing other powers, it shall not be exercised for twenty years or forever. We may not pass an act prohibiting the States to tax the banking business carried on within their li mits, but we may, as a means of executing our powers over other objects, place that business in the hands of of our agents, and then declare it exempt from state taxation in their hands. Thus may our own powers and the rights of the States, which we cannot directly curtail or invade, be frittered away and extinguished in That a Bank of the United States, competent to the use of means employed by us to execute other powall the duties which may be required by the government, might be so organized as not to infringe on our own delegated powers, or the reserved rights of the States, I do not entertain a doubt. Had the Executive been called upon to furnish the project of such an institution, the duty would have been cheerfully performed. In the absence of such a call, it was obviously proper that he should confine himself to pointing out those prominent features in the act presented, which, in his opinion, make it incompatible with the constitution and sound policy. A general discussion will now take place, eliciting new light and settling important principles; and a new Congress, elected in the midst of such discussion, and furnishing an equal representation of the people, according to the last census, will bear to the Capitol the verdict of public opinion, and I doubt not bring this important question to a satisfactory result. ers. Under such circumstances, the bank comes forward and asks a renewal of its charter for a term of fifteen years, upon conditions which not only operate as a gra tuity to the stockholders, of many millions of dollars, but will sanction any abuses, and legalize any encroach ments. Suspicions are entertained and charges are made of gross abuse and violation of its charter. An investigation unwillingly conceded, and so restricted in time as necessarily to make it incomplete and unsatisfactory, discloses enough to excite suspicion and alarm. the dangers which impend over our Union, have sprung from an abandonment of the legitimate objects of government by our national legislation, and the adoption of such principles as are embodied in this act. Many of our rich men have not been content with equal protection and equal benefits; but have besought us to make them richer by act of Congress. By attempting to gratify their desires, we have in the results of our legislation, arrayed section against section,interest against interest, and man against man, in a fearful commotion which threatens to shake the foundations of our Union. It is time to pause in our career, to review our principles, and if possible, revive that devoted patriotism and spirit of compromise, which distinguished the sages of the revolution, and the fathers of our Union. If we cannot at once, in. justice to interests vested under improvident legislation, make our government what it ought to be, we can at least take a stand against all new grants of monopolies, and exclusive privileges; against any prostitution of our government, to the advancement of the few, at the expense of the many, and in favor of compromise and gradual reform in our code of laws and system of political economy. In the practices of the principal bank partially unveiled, in the absence of important witnesses, and in numerous charges, confidently made, and as yet wholly uninvestigated, there was enough to induce a majority of the committee of investigation, a committee which was selected from the most able and honorable members of the House of Representatives, to recommend a suspension of further action upon the bill, and a prosecution of the inquiry. As the charter had yet four years to run, and as a renewal now was not necessary to the successful prosecution of its business, it was to have been expected that the bank itself, conscious of its purity and proud of its character, would have withdrawn its application for the present, and demanded the severest scrutiny into all its transactions. In their declining to do so there seems to be an additional reason why the I have now done my duty to my country. If sustained functionaries of the government should proceed with by my fellow citizens, I shall be grateful and happy; if less haste and more caution in the renewal of their monot, I shall find in the motives which impel me, ample nopoly. grounds for contentment and peace. In the difficulThe bank is professedly established as an agent of the ties which surround us, and the dangers which threaten Executive branches of the government and its constitu- our institutions, there is cause for neither dismay nor tionality is maintained on that ground. Neither upon alarm. For relief and deliverance, let us firmly rely on the propriety of present action nor upon the provisions that kind Providence, which I am sure, watches with of this act was the Executive consulted. It has had no peculiar care over the destinies of our republic, and on opportunity to say that it neither needs nor wants an the intelligence and wisdom of our countrymen.agent clothed with such powers and favoured by such Through His abundant goodness, and their patriotic exemptions. There is nothing in its legitimate func-devotion, our liberty and Union will be preserved. tions which make it necessary or proper. Whatever ANDREW JACKSON. interest or influence, whether public or private, has given birth to this act, it cannot be found either in the wishes or necessities of the Executive Department, by which, present action is deemed premature, and the powers conferred upon its agent not only unnecessary, but dangerous to the government and country. WASHINGTON, July 10, 1832. At a meeting of the SANITARY COMMITTEE, July 4th, 1832, the following ADDRESS to the public was resolved upon, and ordered to be published. It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too TO THE CITIZENS OF PHILADELPHIA: often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes. Distinctions in society will always exist under In the present important crisis, when our city is threatevery just government. Equality of talents, of educa- ened with pestilence of an unusual and alarming chation, or of wealth, cannot be produced by human insti-racter; the Sanitary Committee appointed by the Countutions. In the full enjoyment of the gifts of Heaven, cils, have deemed it their duty to ask the aid and adand the fruits of superior industry, economy, and virtue, vice of a Board of Physicians of known skill, and high in every man is equally entitled to protection by law. But, the confidence of the public. when the laws undertake to add to these natural and The Medical Board has earnestly recommended, that just advantages, artificial distinctions, to grant titles, gra- immediate arrangements be made to meet this disease tuities, and exclusive privileges, to make the rich rich-at every probable point of attack, and that temporary er, and the potent more powerful, the humble members hospitals be founded in proper situations for the accomof society, the farmers, mechanics, and laborers, who modation of each neighborhood, as cases may occur. have neither the time nor the means of securing like They have urged, moreover, the organization of these favors to themselves, have a right to complain of the in-hospitals, while yet it can be done without hurry or justice of their government. confusion; and that each be placed under the direction of a physician in chief, with four medical assistants. There are no necessary evils in government. Its evils exist only in its abuses. Ifit would confine itself to Should the pestilence reach our city, it is morally equal protection, and, as Heaven does its rains, shower certain that in every neighborhood, and especially on its favors alike on the high and the low, the rich and the the eastern front of the city, many cases will occur, poor, it would be an unqualified blessing. In the act among persons destitute of the means of support, and before me, there seems to be a wide and unnecessary who will be in danger of perishing without a hand bedeparture from these just principles. Nor is our go-ing extended to furnish relief, or soothe them in their vernment to be maintained, or our Union preserved rapid passage towards the grave. by invasions of the rights and powers of the several To avert such heart-rending scenes as far as possible, States. In thus attempting to make our general go-to obviate the panic which a few such spectacles would vernmeut strong, we make it weak. Its true strength consists in leaving individuals and States, as much as possible, to themselves-in making itself felt, not in its power but in its beneficence, not in its control but in its protection, not in binding the States more closely to the centre, but leaving each to move unobstructed in its proper orbit. Experience should teach us wisdom. Most of the difficulties our government now encounters, and most of inevitably produce, and to afford the opportunity of immediate medical assistance, the Sanitary Committee have determined upon such an organization of temporary hospitals, as that patients may be carried to them at all hours of the day or night, and there be submitted to proper medical treatment and judicious nursing. It is not designed, however, that patients shall remain more than a few hours in these temporary depots. As soon as the first shock of the disease has passed by, they 1832.] SANITARY MEASURES. will be removed to a large, general hospital, out of the city, there to be provided for during the subsequent stages of the disease. The rapid progress of pestilential cholera renders such an arrangement absolutely indispensable. It must be obvious to every reflecting mind, that the delay of removal to any considerable distance, would cause a great increase of mortality. The cities of Paris and London afford striking illustrations on this head. In the former, where general hospitals were relied on, the havoc was frightful; while in London, by judicious arrangements, seasonably made, and by the preparation of temporary hospitals, before the cholera had appeared in the city, the mortality was rendered comparatively slight. The experience in Canada illustrates still more forcibly the consequences of delaying preparation, until the actual appearance of the pestilence. With these facts staring them in the face, the committee would earnestly ask their fellow citizens, whether the present is not the time for judicious and effective preparation, or whether it is advisable to postpone such measures to a period of universal panic, confusion and alarm! The committee feel that they are identified in every respect with their fellow citizens at the present crisis. They must share in the common danger, and they have no interest or feelings which can lead them to devise any thing but for the common good. They therefore entered upon their duties with a confident hope, that public opinion would sustain all such means as the best medical advice and the clearest lights of experience might indicate as expedient or necessary. They have, however, learned with regret, that a place selected for a temporary hospital for the sick of its neighborhood, the only place in that district which they could possibly obtain, has been abandoned by the physician-in-chief, in consequence of the opposition manifested by the citizens in the vicinity, and of the excitement produced by the first suggestion of the plan. In every other instance when a site has been thought of, they have found themselves opposed by a torrent of violent, and as they are constrained to believe, of unreasonable and unnecessary feeling. Under these circumstances they are left with no alternative but thus publicly to explain their system of operation, and leave it to the good sense of the community to say, whether that system shall be pursued or abandoned. If public opinion shall refuse to sustain them, they owe it to themselves at this time distinctly to decline all responsibility for the consequences. JOSEPH MCILVAINE, Chairman of Sanitary Committee. SAMUEL DAVIS, Secy, of San. Com. William E. Lehman, James Fearon, John M. Scott, John P. Wetherill, Daniel Oldenburg, Thomas M. Pettit. Commissioners of the Incorporated District of N.L. Whereas, at this alarming crisis, when the cholera is known to have made its appearance in a neighbouring city, it is highly necessary for the Board of Commissioners of the Northern Liberties, to provide precautionary means to prevent the spread among us, should we be so unfortunate as to be visited by this awful calamity. Therefore, Resolved, That a fund of 2000 dollars be appropriated and placed at the disposal of the Sanitary Committee, with powers to make such appropriations as they shall deem necessary, in order to allay the apprehensions of our citizens, and to keep our streets, lanes, alleys, bye places, and dwellings, free from any impurities that would be likely to propagate an infection, or other sickness or disease, that may have its origin here or else where. Resolved, That the Sanitary Committee meet every morning at 9 o'clock, at the Hall,to receive communications from the Block Committees, and from such other sources as they may be derived, as to the cleanliness of the District, or existing nuisances, and to take means for for their immediate removal. Resolved, That the physicians of the District resident REPORT Of the Medical Commission from Philadelphia, 1st. The disease so lately an epidemic in Montreal and Quebec, and which now prevails in the city of New York, and is extending throughout the country, is malignant Cholera, the same that has ravaged and spread its devastations over Europe, under the name of Asiatic and Spasmodic Chole ra. 2d. That they have not been able to ascertain any positive unequivocal fact to justify a belief that it is a disease communicated by those affected with it, or is one of importation. 3d. That during the prevalence of the epidemic constitution or influence, a general predisposition exists in the whole community, from which very few individuals are exempt, productive of a liability to the disease. 4th. That this predisposition is manifested by embarrassed and difficult digestion, sense of heat, fulness, uneasiness or pain in the abdomen, irregularity of bowels, a furred and pasty tongue, with frequency of cramps or constrictions in the muscles of the extremities, especially at night. 5th. That this state of predisposition will not give rise to an attack of the disease, without the application of an exciting cause. 6th. That the exciting causes of the disease are moral excitants, especially fear and anger; intemperance in the use of fermented and spirituous liquors, or in eating, overloading the stomach; acid drinks, or large draughts of cold water; the use of crude indigestible food, whether animal or vegetable, particularly the latter; excessive exertion or fatigue in the heat of the day; exposure to the night air, sitting in currents of air, and particularly sleeping with too light covering, and with the windows raised, except the rooms are very small and confined. Most of the attacks occur in the night, from 11 or 12 o'clock to 3 or four in the morning. 7th. That prudence in living, during the epidemic period, which continues from six weeks to three months, the wearing of flannel particularly on the body, keeping the feet warm and dry, the avoidance of improper food and drinks, tranquillity of mind and body, are almost certain guarrantees against the assaults of the disease, and disarm the pestilence of malignity. 8th. That the disease, when abandoned to its course, passes through different stages, in all of which it is easily controlled, except one-the cold stage, or period of collapse, and which is, in almost every instance, preceded by the symptoms of the forming stage, when the disease, if timely treated, is arrested with facility. 9th. That the symptoms of this forming stage should be generally promulgated, and persons instructed of the necessity of an immediate attention to them. It is ignorance in this respect, amongst the laboring and lower classes of society, and their habits of lite, leading to indifference and inattention, that plunges so many, belonging to those conditions into the desperate situation so frequently met with, when medical aid and human skill are utterly unavailing. Those symptoms are, a sudden looseness of the bowels, the discharges becoming thin, watery, and colorless, or whitish, with little odour-vertigo or dizziness-nausea, oppression, pain and cramps of the stomach, with retching and vomiting of a fluid, generally resembling dirty river water, attended or soon followed by cramps of the extremities, particularly of the legs and thighs. 10th. When the foregoing symptoms appear, application for remedial assistance must be made immediately. The delay of an hour may usher in the cold stage, or period of exanimated prostration and collapse, from which it is almost impossible to resuscitate the expiring energies of the econo my. WEST CHESTER, Has been progressing in improvement with a rapidity, if equalled, we think not surpassed by the flourishing towns in her sister counties. The purchase by Esq. Everhart, of the farm of Wm. Wollerton, Esq. which was handsomely laid out in lots, and is now spotted with substantial brick buildings, including a new mar ket-house, seemed to give an impetus to the spirit of improvement. More recently, a purchase has been made by several enterprising gentlemen of our borough, of thir ty acres of the farm of Mr. Robert Matlack, lying north and north-east of the more improved part of the borough, situate on both sides of the West Chester railroad, and including the point of its present termination. Messrs. Wm. Reed, John W. Townsend, Ziba Pyle, and S. C. Jefferis, the proprietors, will proceed immediatediately to lay off their new purchase into lots, to be bounded by streets from sixty to eighty feet in width, crossing each other at right angles, and affording very eligible sites for building, either private dwellings or business establishments. From the elevated and healthy situation of our borough, the facilities already afforded by the well-established lines of stages now in operation, and the means of intercourse which will be increased on the completion of the West Chester and Pennsylvania rail-roads, we confidently express the opinion, that 11. That every preparation should be made by should no untoward circumstance retard its growth, the public authorities, in anticipation of the appear- (and we apprehend none,) West Chester will at an ance of the disease, providing the means of treat-early day, be among the most highly improved and ment for those who cannot command them, so that pleasant towns in the commonwealth;-having a ready aid may be promptly administered to all, at the mointercourse with the citizens of Philadelphia and Lanment of attack. These means are a number of caster-a direct communication with the lumber and small hospitals, or houses of reception, in various coal regions-and in the heart of a most productive agparts of the city; stations where nurses, physicians ricultural district, furnishing all the necessaries and and students, with suitable medicines and appara- comforts of life. Our public spirited citizens, prudently tus, can be procured in the night without delay; aided by the capital of a bank, conducted on liberal the evacuation of certain localities, where the oc- principles, and issuing a sound currency, may reasonably currence of numerous cases indicates a pesti-hope for every advantage within the reach of industry ferous influence, and the furnishing to the poor, as and enterprize.-Village Record. far as practicable, wholesome and nourishing food By the adoption and observance of the foregoing. means of precaution and prevention, in addition to the sanative measures already adopted, the commission are convinced that the prevalence of the disease will be greatly circumscribed, its mortality diminished, and the public guarded against panic and alarm, the great sources of danger and under the blessing of Divine Providence, the pestilence will be shorn of its terrors, and mitigated in its destructive fury. SAMUEL JACKSON, CATERPILLARS.-In many places this insect has made On the Baltimore road its appearance in vast numbers. several orchards and at places, the woods have been entirely stripped of every vestige of foliage; not a leaf is to be seen, the trees bear nought but large clusters of insects surrounded with their web. In an orchard a few miles from town the insect has not only destroyed the foliage, but all the fruit, and left nought but the naked trees to greet the eyes of the farmer.-York Gaz. The quantity of rain which fell in Columbia during the month of June was 68-100ths of an inch, THE REGISTER. The President's Veto, on the United States Bank clear. Bill his been received, and occupies a portion of our do. paper this week. We understand a fall in the price of cloudy. stock has been the consequence of this instrument. What other ill effects are to accrue from it, time must determine. A town meeting has been called on the subject. do. The health of our city continues excellent. Printed every SATURDAY MORNING by WILLIAM F. GEDDES, No. 9 Library Street. Philadelphia; where, and at the PUBLICATION OFFICE, IN FRANKLIN PLACE, second door back of the Post Office,(front room) subscriptions will be thankfully received. Price FIVE DOLLARS per annum, payable annually by subscribers residing in or near the city, or where there is an gent Other subscribers pay in advance. REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THE PRESERVATION OF EVERY KIND OF USEFUL INFORMATION RESPECTING THE STATE. VOL. X.-NO. 3. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. We left Owego at 9 o'clock in the morning, in the stage, and after crossing the substantial bridge across the Susquehanna, began to ascend the first of those long, tedious mountains that separate Owego from Montrose in Pennsylvania. Of this country I need not say much. The distance is about thirty miles, and we we were all day in travelling it. For the first ten miles we hardly saw a house. After entering Pennsylvania, occasional settlements began to appear, but the farms had a cold and wet look, bearing little but grass, and resting on hard-pan. The stage road, exhibits a singular piece of ingenuity on the part of the proprietors, who must have had a desperate trial of skill, to see how many mountains and valleys they could cross, as it in no instance, winds round a hill, invariably goes over the highest hump on its back, and into the deepest gorge of the hollows, over a brook of course, to again ascend the side of its interminable neighbors. A prominent instance occurred on this road, of the strong attachment of people to their native hills, be they ever so bleak and sterile. A well dressed, modest young woman entered the stage among these hills to ride to her father's, a distance of about two miles. Having an intelligent appearance for her situation in life, I asked her several ques. tions relating to the country and the occupations of the people, to which she gave ready and sensible answers. To the question, if she was contented to live so shut out from the world, and secluded among the hills, she replied with great simplicity and good nature, that "she was perfectly happy there, she knew but little of other portions of the country, and this was as pleasant to her as any. She moreover had a brother at Rochester," she said, "who had lived there two or three years; but he did not like it much, and thought he should return; it was more healthy at home, and the water was better." "But," said I, "Rochester is a large, populous, thriving town, in the heart of one of the most charming countries in the world; it is surprising that he should want to return." "True," said she, with more philosophy than I had supposed she possess ed, "but though you may call this a hard country, we enjoy what we have with good appetites and fine health; and so long as we feel contented, its poorly worth while to sigh after better climates or richer lands." NO. 238. the garden. Numerous skeins of nice, white woollen yarn were hung out in poles on the yard, indicating industry and economy in the household. Here, shut out from the whole world, its shufflings and doings, its joys and its troubles, in the deep hollow of these hills; with only a neighboring cottage or two in sight, hanging on the side of the opposite mountain, this young woman left the stage, bid us a good afternoon, and stepped into the quiet, happy home that she had been taught to love and cherish with affection. Indeed, I must question if her lot should be hereafter cast in the finest part of the Genesee valley, whether she would not sigh for the forest-hills and rippling brooks of her Pennsylvania home. At sunset, after a rough day's travel, we arrived at Montrose, the capital of Susquehanna county. We rose the next morning before day, but the delay occasioned by a sleepy driver of two hours, rendered it one of the pleasantests morning of my life, as I enjoyed a landscape I never before met with. Montrose lies on the summit of a broad hill, elevated over its surrounding neighbors, and separated from them by deep and long valleys. It is the diverging point of numerous good roads that lead off over the hills in various directions; and it is a place of some trade. Several pretty dwellings, and good public buildings, embellish the town. As the day light gradually stole over the eastern hills, the surrounding objects began to be visible; and when the fast glimmering star had gone out, and the full flood of light poured upon the world, the eye could only discern occasional islands of woods, shooting up or scattered away along the horizon in every direction, looming out of an interminable, dense ocean of fog. The air was delightfully, clear, cool, and elastic, enlivened by its constant action among the mountains. The very dew seemed to sparkle among the grass, and as the full sun rose in unclouded splendor, gilding the distant mountain tops, and radiating with its beams, the deep, misty hollows, it looked a scene of enchantment. Soon after sunrise, we entered the stage, and took a south course down the mountain, on the road to Wilkesbarre. We entered the fogs along the valleys, which had now begun to rapidly ascend in wreaths along the strong currents of air that moved along their bottom, and an hour had dissipated the whole into the clear atmosphere of an August morning. The country along this road is well cleared, much more fertile, and decidedly better cultivated, than that we had passed the previous day. The hills were not so steep nor high. The The stage stopped in front of a neat, low, red farm-valleys were broader and richer, and the whole country house, in one of the broader valleys. It stood a few rods was delightfully watered. Numerous good houses, from the road, with a pretty garden, and some fruit barns, orchards, and fine stocks of cattle were seen. trees near it. The barn and out-buildings were near Some good fields of corn were in view, some of oats, by. A large pasture, in which were a number of cat- and but few of wheat or rye. The soil had mostly a tle and sheep, stretched along the hill side, back of the vegetable, loamy appearance, with occasional veins of dwelling. In front, on the opposite side of the road, clay and gravelly loam, resting principally upon a hardwas a meadow with a clear, spring brook on a pebbly pan. It is decidedly a grazing country, to which it apbottom running through it, and stealing away round the pears well adapted. The timber is principally beech, foot of a neighboring hill into the forest. Further up intermixed with maple, hemlock, pine, oak, and chesthe valley along the meadow, was a field of corn, pota-nut; and in some of the valleys were fine groves of toes, oats, and rye, and a small patch of summer wheat. spruce and balsam fir. The uniform good nature and This was the farm. In the door-yard was a sweet brier, shrewd observation of my travelling companion, together and a few rose bushes. The windows were festooned with the company of an intelligent gentleman and lady with morning.glories, and a few tall sun flowers threw from Philadelphia, who were returning from a short vitheir golden heads to the west from the south border of sit to some friends at Montrose, rendered our morning's VOL. X. 5 |