hood and inconstancy? You resolve against all intemperate anger, and you deny the importunity of many trifling occurrences: but consider, if you be provoked, and if you be despised, can your flesh and blood endure it then? It may be Calpurnius or ToccaP shall not persuade thee to go to the baths of Lucrinus; but if Mæcenas calls thee, or the consul desires thy company, thou canst resist no longer. Thou didst play the fool with poor Calenia, and thou art troubled at thy folly; and art ashamed when thou dost remember how often thou wentest into the summænium¶ and peeped into the titles' of those unhappy women whose bodies were the price of a Roman penny: but art thou so severe and chaste that thou wilt die rather than serve the imperious lust of Julia? or wilt thou never be scorched with the flames of Corinna's beauty? It is nothing to despise a cheap sin and a common temptation; but art thou strong enough to overcome the strongest argument that thy sin hath? Examine thyself here wisely and severely. It is not thy pert saying, 'I will sin no more:' he that hath new dined can easily resolve to fast at night; but when thou art hungry, and invited, and there is rare meat on the table, and thy company stays for thee and importunes thee, canst thou then go on with thy fasting day? If thou canst, it is as it should be: but let not thy resolutions be judged by short sayings: but first by great considerations, and then by proportionable events. If neither the biggest temptation, nor thy trifling hopes, nor thy foolish principles, nor weak propositions can betray thee, then thou mayest with reason say that you have no affection so strong as the love of God, no passion so great as thy repentance, no pleasure equal to that of a holy conscience, and then thou mayest reasonably believe that there is in thee no affection to sin remaining.-But something more is to be added.

6. In the examination of this particular, take no accounts of yourself by the present circumstances, and by your thoughts and resolutions in the days of religion and solemnity: but examine how it is with you in the days of ordinary conversation, and in the circumstances of secular employments. For it is with us in our preparations to the holy communion, as it is with women that sit to have their pictures drawn: they make themselves brave and adorned, and put on circumstances of beauty to represent themselves to their friends and to their posterity with all the advantages of art and dressing. But he that loves his friend's picture because it is like her, and desires to see in image what he had in daily conversation, would willingly see her in picture as he sees her every day; and that is most like her, not which resembles her in extraordinary, and by the sophistry of dressing, but as she looked when she went about in the government of her family. So must we look upon ourselves in the dresses of every day in the week, and not take accounts of ourselves as we trick up our souls against a communion day. For he that puts on fine clothes for one day or two, must not suppose himself to be that prince which P [Martial. xi. 71.] [Id. i. 35. lin. 6.] [Juv. Sat. vi. 123.]

he only personates. We dress ourselves upon a day of religion; and then we cannot endure to think of sin; and if we do we sigh, and when we sigh, we pray, and suppose that if we might die upon that day, it would be a good day's work; for we could not die in a better time. But let us not deceive ourselves. This is our picture that is like us every day in the week: and if you are as just in your buying and selling as you are when you are saying your prayers; if you are as chaste in your conversation as you are in your religious retirement; if your temperance be the same every day as it is in your thoughts upon a fasting day; if you wear the same habits of virtue every day in the week as you put on upon a communion day, you have more reason to think yourselves prepared, than by all the ex tempore piety and solemn religion that rises at the sound of a bell, and keeps her time by the calendar of the church more than by the laws of God.

This is not so to be understood as if it were not fit that against a solemn time and against a communion day, our souls should be more adorned, and our lamps better dressed, and our lights snuffed, and our religion more active, and the habits of grace should exercise more acts: but this is meant only; that though the acts of virtue are not so frequent on ordinary days, yet there must be no act of vice upon them at all; and the habits of grace must be the same, and the inclinations regular, and the dispositions ready, and the desires pressed: and you shall better know the state of your soul by examining how you converse with your merchant, than by considering how cautiously you converse with your priest. He that talks to a prince will talk as wisely as he can; but if you will know what the man is, enquire after him in his house, and how he is with all his relations. For no man stands upon his guard always, as he does sometimes. If therefore upon examining you would understand what you are, examine yourself not by your clothes but by your body; not by the extraordinaries of a solemn religion, but by the ordinaries of a daily conversation.

These are the best signs I can tell of; but they are to be made use of with the following cautions ;—

1. Although in trying whether your resolutions are likely to hold, and your affections to sin are gone, you must not rely upon words, but place yourself in the scene and circumstances of your temptation, and try whether you be likely to hold out when sin comes with all the offers of advantage: yet be careful that this examination of your own strength against temptation become not a temptation to you; and this is especially to be attended to in the matter of lust and fear.

For the very imaginations of a lustful object are of themselves a direct temptation; and he that dresses his fancy with remembrances of this vanity, opens a door to let the sin in. Murenia's little boy being afraid of the wolf at the door, opened the door to see if he were gone, and let the beast in: and since the fancy is the proper scene of Just, he that brings the temptation there, brings it where it can best

prevail. Therefore in our examination concerning this evil, and whether we be likely to stand in this war, we are to examine ourselves only, whether we are perfectly resolved to fly and not to fight, that is, whether we will secure ourselves by the proper arts of the spirit of prudence for if any thing can make us come near this devil, we are lost without remedy.

The temptations in the matter of fear are something like it; if you will examine whether you love God so well that you would die for Him, enquire as well and wisely as you can, but be not too particular. Satisfy yourself with a general answer, and rest in this, if you find that the apprehension of death is not so great as the apprehension of sin; if you pray against fear, and heap up arguments to confirm your courage and your hope, if you find that you despise those instances of persecution that you meet with; for the rest, believe in God, who it may be will not give you strengths before you need them; and therefore be satisfied with thus much, that your present strength is sufficient for any present trial; and when a greater comes, God hath promised to give you more strength when you shall have need of more. But examine yourself by what is likely to fall upon you actually. It may be you have cause to fear that you shall be made poor for a good conscience, or imprisoned for your duty, or banished for religion consider if you love God so well that you are likely to suffer that, which is likely to happen to you; but do not dress your examination with rare contingencies, and unlikely accidents, and impossible cases. Do not ask yourself whether you would endure the rack for God, or the application of burning basons to your eyes, or the torment of a slow fire, or whether you had rather go to hell than commit a sin; this is too fantastic a trial; and when God (it may be) knowing your weakness will never put you to it really, do not you tempt yourself by fancy and an afflictive representment.

Domitian was a cruel man, false and bloody; and to be near him. was a perpetual danger, enough to try the constancy of the bravest Roman. But once that he might be wanton in his cruelty, he invited the chiefest of the patricii to supper; who coming in obedience and fear enough, entered into a court all hanged with blacks, and from thence were conducted into dining rooms by the pollinctors, who used to dress the bodies unto funerals: the lights of heaven, we may suppose, were quite shut out by the approaching night and arts of obscurity; when they were in those charnel houses (for so they seemed) every one was placed in order, a black pillar or coffin set by him, and in it a dim taper besmeared with brimstone that it might burn faint and blue and solemn; where when they had stood awhile like designed sacrifices, or as if the prince were sending them on solemn embassy to his brother the prince of darkness, on a sudden entered so many naked black-moors or children besmeared with the horrid juice of the sepia, who having danced a little in fantastic and [Dio Cass. (apud Xiphilinum),lib. Ixvii. p. 768.]

a

devils' postures, retired awhile, and then returned serving up a banquet as at solemn funerals, and wine brought to them in urns instead of goblets; with deepest silence, now and then interrupted with fearful groans and shriekings. Here the senators, who possibly could have struggled with the abstracted thoughts of death, seeing it dressed in all the fearful imagery and ceremonies of the grave, had no powers of philosophy or Roman courage; but falling into a lipothymy or deep swooning, made up this pageantry of death with a representing of it unto the life. This scene of sorrows was overacted, and it was a witty cruelty to kill a wise man by making him too imaginative and fantastical. It is not good to break a staff by too much trying the strength of it, or to undo a man's soul by a useless and so fantastic a temptation. For he that tries himself further than he hath need of, is like Palamon's shepherd, who fearing the foot-bridge was not strong enough, to try it, loaded it so long, till by his unequal trial he broke that which would have borne a bigger burden than he had to carry over it. Some things will better suffer a long usage, than an unequal trial.

2. When any man hath by the former measures examined himself how his affections do stand to sin and folly, by whatsoever signs he is usually made confident, let him be sure to make abatements of his confidence, if he have found that he hath failed already in despite of all his arts and all his purposes. If we have often fallen back from our resolutions, there is then no sign left for us but the thing signified: nothing can tell us how our affections are, but by observing what they do. For he that hath broken his word with me when it was in his power to keep it, hath destroyed my confidence in him; but if he hath deceived me twice or thrice in the same thing, for shame and prudence sake I will venture no more, if I can be disobliged. If we therefore have failed of our promises to God so many times, that we can speak nothing reasonably of our proceedings, nor imagine what thoughts God hath concerning us, but the hardest and the worst; though we have great reason to rejoice in God's long-suffering and infinite patience, yet by any signs which can be given we have no reason to trust ourselves.

For if we shall now examine, we can tell no more than we could do before; we were always deceived in our conjectures and pretences, and it is more likely now, because sin hath so long prevailed; and by our frequent relapses we must at least learn this truth, that our hearts are false, and our promises are not to be trusted. In this case, no testimony is credible but an eye witness. Therefore let us leave all artificial examinations and betake ourselves to the solid and material practices of a religious life. We must do something really, before we can by enquiring tell how it is with us. When we have resolved, and in some measure performed our resolution; when we have stood the shock of a temptation and found our heart firm as in a day of religion; when we perceive sin to be weaker, and the king

dom of grace to grow in power; when we feel that all our holy vows are more than words, and that we are not the same easy fools, always giving God good words but never performing them; but that now we have set our foot upon the enemy, and are not infallibly carried away when our temptation comes; then we may enquire further, and look after the former signs and indications of spiritual life, and the just measures of preparation. Till then let us not trouble ourselves with the particulars of spiritual arts and the artificial methods of religion; for things are not so well with us as we suppose.

SECTION IV.

OF EXAMINATION OF OURSELVES IN THE MATTER OF OUR PRAYERS
IN ORDER TO A HOLY COMMUNION.

THE holy sacrament is in its nature and design a solemn prayer, and the imitation of the intercession which our glorious High-priest continually makes for us in heaven; and as it is our ministry and contains our duty, it is nothing else but the solemnity and great economy of prayer for the whole, and for every member, and for all and every particular necessity of the church; and all the whole conjugation of offices and union of hearts, and conjunction of ministers, is nothing but the advantages and solemnity and sanctification of prayer, and therefore in order to do this work in solemnity as we ought, it were very fit that we examine ourselves how we do it in ordinary and daily offices.

For since there are so many excellent promises made to prayer, and that nothing more disposes us to receive the grace of the sacraments and the blessings of communion than holy prayer; since prayer can obtain every thing, it can open the windows of heaven and shut the gates of hell; it can put a holy constraint upon God, and detain an angel till he leave a blessing; it can open the treasures of rain, and soften the iron ribs of rocks, till they melt into tears and a flowing river; prayer can unclasp the girdles of the north, saying to a mountain of ice, Be thou removed hence, and cast into the bottom of the sea; it can arrest the sun in the midst of his course, and send the swift-winged winds upon our errand; and all those strange things and secret decrees and unrevealed transactions which are above the clouds and far beyond the regions of the stars, shall combine in ministry and advantages for the praying man: it cannot be but we should feel less evil, and much more good than we do, if our prayers were right. But the state of things is thus; it is an easy duty, and there are many promises, and we do it often, and yet we prevail but little. Is it not a strange thing, that our friends die round about us, and in every family some great evil often happens, and a church shall See chap. i. sect. 4. n. 4.