Thence proceeding to the Mohawk country, after two days' CHAP. XII. the Mo journey, he reached their first castle, called "Oneugiou- 1646. ré," now known as Caughnawaga. The Mohawks re- 6 June. ceived him kindly, and interchanged presents in ratifica- Revisits tion of their treaty; and Jogues, after offering to the Onon-hawk coundagas the friendship of the French, returned to the Three Returns to Rivers "by the same route, and with similar toil." try. Canada. 17 June. Jogues turns to the It was now hoped that the time had come for France to establish a permanent mission among the Iroquois; and before the end of three months, Jogues, whose zeal "burned to preach the faith," was again on his way to the Mo- 24 Sept. hawk valley. “Ibo, nec redibo”—“I shall go, but shall again renever return," was his own presage, in the last letter he Mohawks. wrote to his superior in France. The fate he expected awaited him. Disease had swept off many of the savages; their harvest had failed; and the Mohawks were persuaded that the Evil Spirit lurked in the small box of missionary furniture which the father had left in their charge. On reaching the Mohawk valley, Jogues was seized, strip- 17 October: ped, and beaten; and the grand council condemned him to death as an enchanter. As he was entering the wig- 18 October. wam where he was called to sup, a savage behind the door struck him down with an axe. His head was cut off and His death. impaled upon the stockade, and his body was thrown into the Mohawk River. Thenceforward that valley became known in the annals of the Jesuits as "the Mission of the Martyrs."* Affairs on the South River. The interests of the Hollanders on the South River had, 1645. meanwhile, demanded Kieft's serious attention. With but a small force-eighty or ninety men at the utmost-to garrison all his posts, Printz, the new Swedish governor, had succeeded, by good management, in drawing to himself nearly all the Indian trade in that quarter, and had almost annihilated the commerce of the Dutch.t A new em * Relation, &c., 1645-6, 50-59; 1647, 6-8, 124-130; Letters of Labbatie, 30th of Oct., and of Kieft, 14th of Nov., 1646, in ii., N. Y. H. S. Coll., iii.; Tanner, Soc. Jesu, &c., 530, 531; Creuxius, 457; Bancroft, iii., 135-138; O'Call., ii., 300; Hildreth, ii., 87. The missal of Father Jogues, and some of his clothes, were afterward given by the Mohawks to Domine Megapolensis.-Letter to Classis of Amsterdam, 28th of September, 1658. + Fort New Gottenburg, with all its buildings, was burned down on the 5th of Decem Jansen su 12 October. Hudde ap CHAP. XII. barrassment soon occurred. Jan Jansen was charged with fraud and neglect of duty; and the provincial government, 1645. after examining the evidence, sent Andries Hudde, the persedeber town surveyor of New Amsterdam, to succeed him, "for Andries the present," as commissary at Fort Nassau. Jansen, on pointed his return, was unable to justify himself to the satisfaction of Kieft, who ordered him to be sent, "with all his documents and the process of the schout-fiscal, with the first sailing ship to Amsterdam, to defend and exculpate himself before the directors." "'* commissa ry. 1646. 3 Feb. 23 June. kill by the Swedes. Hudde soon found that the office of commissary on the South River was no sinecure. A shallop, which several private traders at Manhattan had dispatched to him with the Schuyl- a considerable cargo, was directed, on its arrival at Fort Nassau, to proceed "to the Schuylkill near the right, and wait for the Minquas." As soon as the Dutch vessel reached the spot, Juriaen Blanck, the trader on board, was ordered off by the Swedish commander, who claimed that the country belonged to his queen. Hudde hearing of this, instantly went with four men to the Schuylkill, “to examine how matters stood." But the Dutch commissary himself was treated with no more favor than were the Manhattan traders; and he too, receiving notice to leave the Swedish territory, returned at once to Fort Nassau, after sending a message to Printz that the Schuylkill had always been a trading place for the Dutch. The next day Printz sent his chaplain, Campanius, to communicate his determination to compel the Dutch vessel to leave the Hudde's Schuylkill. Hudde protesting against such arbitrary conduct as an infringement of the rights of the West India Company, and as a breach of the alliance between the United Provinces and Sweden, Printz sent Hendrick Huygens, his commissary, with two of his officers, to ascertain the rights which the Dutch claimed to the Schuylkill, negotiation with Printz. ber, 1645, and all the powder and goods in store blown up. The accident was owing to the negligence of a servant, who fell asleep, leaving a candle burning.-Hudde's Report, in Alb. Rec., xvii., 321, and in ii., N. Y. H. S. Coll., i., 429; Winthrop, ii., 254; Hubbard, 434. * Alb. Rec., ii., 319, 323, 337; Acrelius, 413: S. Hazard's Ann. Penn., 85, 86. 1646. 1 July. and to interrogate the commissary at Fort Nassau as to CHAP. XII. his conduct. But Hudde's replies were considered to be unsatisfactory; and a few days afterward, Printz sent a peremptory order for Blanck to depart at once, under pain of confiscation of his vessel and cargo. On this warning, Blanck, fearing that Printz would execute his threat, sailed out of the Schuylkill; and Hudde immediately wrote to 12 July. Kieft an account of the affair.* vented from Falls at Soon afterward, Hudde, in obedience to orders from Kieft, "to inquire about certain minerals in this country," went up to the country of the Sankikan Indians, who were seated at Assinpink, now Trenton, in New Jersey, and tried to penetrate to the "Great Falls." As he was pass- Hudde preing the lower rapids, he was stopped by one of the sa- visiting the chems, and forbidden to proceed. After some hesitation, Trenton. the sachem admitted that Printz had spread a report Printz enamong the Indians that the Dutch intended to establish a excite the fort at the falls, to be garrisoned with two hundred and against the fifty men from Manhattan, and exterminate all the savages in the neighborhood. In vain did Hudde employ a variety of means to succeed in his object. He was stopped every time by the same objection, and was finally compelled to return to Fort Nassau without being able to reach the Falls.t deavors tc Indians Dutch, Kieft lands on River to jects. About the same time, the director and council at Man- 10 August. hattan granted to Abraham Planck and three others, one grants hundred morgens, or two hundred acres of land, lying on the South the west side of the South River, "almost over against Dutch subthe little 'Singing-bird' Island," upon condition that they should settle four plantations there within one year, and always continue their allegiance to the States General. But it is said that the grantees did not avail themselves of their patent, and " never came there." The next month, Hudde received a letter from Kieft, in 7 sept. * Hudde's Report, in Alb. Rec., xvii., 321, and in ii., N. Y. Coll., i., p. 430-432. It seems that some of the Swedish officers were native Dutchmen. Hendrick Huygens, Printz's commissary, was a nephew of Minuit, and a native of Cleef; and Gregory van Dyck, the sergeant or Wacht-meester, was born at the Hague. + Hudde's Report, ut sup., 432, 433. Alb. Rec., Patents, 153; Acrelius, 417; Hazard, Reg. Penn., iv., 119. 1646. CHAP. XII. which he was "imperiously commanded" to purchase from the savages some land “ on the west shore, about a mile distant from Fort Nassau to the north." On the following day, the Dutch commissary accordingly took possession of the spot, which seems to have adjoined Corssen's first purchase; and soon afterward, a bargain was comchases the pleted with the "original proprietor," who assisted in afadelphia fixing the arms of the company to a pole erected on the natives. limits. Several Dutch freemen immediately made prepa 25 Sept. Hudde pur site of Phil from the arms torn rations to build on their newly-acquired possession, which, considering its distance and direction from Fort Nassau, may be very properly regarded as the site of the present city of Philadelphia.* "In Printz, on receiving intelligence of this, sent his commissary Huygens to oppose the proceedings of the Dutch. 8 October. The Swedish officer promptly executed his orders. The Dutch an insolent and hostile manner," he tore down the arms down by which Hudde had erected, and declared that "though it had been the colors of the Prince of Orange that were hoisted there, he would have thrown these too under his feet."+ the Swedes. 30 Sept. A few days afterward, Printz formally notified Hudde 10 October. to discontinue the "injuries" of which he had been guilty Printz pro- against the crown of Sweden, and protested against the against "secret and unlawful purchase of land from the savages," purchase. which would seem to argue that the Dutch had no more right to that place than to their other "pretensive claims” tests Hudde's * Hudde's Report, in Alb. Rec., xvii., and in ii., N. Y. Coll., i., p. 433, 440; Acrelius, 412; Ferris's Early Settlements, p. 75; ante, p. 232. Campanius (p. 79) says that a few days before this (Sept. 4, 1646), he consecrated a decent wooden church, which had just been built at Tinicum. Before the building of this church, worship was probably conducted in some part of the Fort New Gottenburg, which was destroyed by fire the last year. Hazard's Ann. Penn., 89. + Hudde's Report, 435; Acrelius, 412. Alluding to this occurrence, the commonalty of N. N., in their "Vertoogh," of the 13th of October, 1649, remark, "It is matter of evidence, that above Maghchachansie, near the Sankikans, the arms of their High Mightinesses were erected, by order of Director Kieft," &c.-ii., N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii., 283. The place, however, seems here to have been inaccurately described as at Crosswick Creek, near Bordentown. Acrelius, too (p. 412), says that it was "at Santhickan," or Trenton. But Commissary Hudde, as we have already seen, was prevented reaching Trenton Falls, or "Assinpink," where the Sankikans were seated; and he expressly states that the spot upon which he erected the Dutch arms was "on the west shore, about a Dutch mile distant from Fort Nassau to the north," or on the site of Philadelphia. 1646. 22 October Hudde's re Printz. on the South River. Finding that the Swedish governor CHAP. XII. had followed up his protest by "forbidding his subjects to enter into any transactions" with the Dutch, Hudde replied, "I purchased the land not in a clandestine manner, pl neither unjustly, unless your honor calls that à clandestine manner which is not performed with your honor's knowledge. I purchased it from the real owner. If he sold that land previously to your honor, then he imposed upon me shamefully. The place which we possess, we possess in deed, in just property-perhaps before the name of the South River was heard of in Sweden." Referring to the "insolent and hostile” manner in which the Dutch arms had been thrown down, Hudde warned the Swedish governor that his conduct could have "no other tendency than to cause great calamities;" and urged him to promote good correspondence and harmony, "at least from the consideration that we who are Christians should not place ourselves as a stumbling-block or laughing-stock to those savage heathens." discourte. duct to Dutch. But the Dutch commissary's dispatch was very un- Printz's ceremoniously treated by the imperious commander of ous conthe Swedes. When Hudde's messenger arrived at Fort ward the New Gottenburg, Printz, taking the letter from his hand, 23 October. threw it on the ground, bidding one of his attendants to "take care of it;" and then went "to meet some Englishmen just arrived from New England." After some interval, the messenger, asking for an answer, "was thrown out of doors, the governor taking a gun in his hand from the wall, to shoot him, as he imagined." Printz, however, was prevented from leaving the room to execute his threat; but his general conduct toward the Dutch continued brutal in the extreme. "The subjects of the company," wrote Hudde," as well freemen as servants, when arriving at the place where he resides, are in a most unreasonable manner abused, so that they are often, on returning home, bloody and bruised."* Thus ended Kieft's negotiations with the Swedes on the * Hudde's Report, in ii., N. Y. H. S. Coll., i., 434-436. |