Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and PurityIn this pioneering book, Virginia Smith combines archeology, psychology, biology, and sociology to reveal how and why standards of cleanliness have come to exist today. Using hundreds of first-hand accounts and sources, Smith bring us from the Neolithic age to the present, peppering her engaging prose with enlightening and often surprising details. Subconscious cleanliness has been with us since the first cell ejected a foreign invader. Even at the earliest stages of human development, our bodies produced pleasure-giving chemical opiates when things smelled or felt clean, inducing us to do things like bathing and removing dirty clothes. The need to be clean led directly to socialization, as we turned to our fellows for help with those hard to reach spots. In Eurasia during the Bronze Age, an emerging hierarchy of wealthy elites turned their love of grooming into an explosion of the cosmetic and luxury goods industry, greatly effecting the culture and economy of a vast area and leading to advances in chemistry and medicine. The history that follows, from Greece and Rome, where citizens focused much of their leisure time on perfecting, bathing, or just writing about the model athletic body, through Europe in the middle ages and the following centuries, is full of intriguing customs, convoluted treatises, and many reversals. Baths were good for you, baths were bad for you, baths were good again--but only if they were quite cold. Even the enlightened medical knowledge of modern times could not stop an onslaught of health remedies, treatments, spas, and New Age nature cures that were to follow. While today we are immeasurably closer--perhaps too close--to knowing just what "clean" means to our bodies, we are still just as far as we ever were on agreeing what it means to our souls. This engrossing and highly original work will introduce you to the customs and ideas of a myriad of cultures from centuries of human history. Not only will you gain a new perspective on the wonderful diversity of the world, but you'll never look at your toothbrush the same way again. |
Contents
Introduction | 18 |
The Cosmetic Toilette | 45 |
Greek Hygiene | 74 |
Copyright | |
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ancient animal ascetic asceticism Baiae balneology bathhouse beauty became body Britain British built Cambridge University Press century Christian Church classical clean cleanliness clothes cold bath cosmetic courtly culture cure depilation developed diet dirt disease domestic dress drink Education eighteenth-century England English Eurasia Europe European exercise famous fashion female French G. E. R. Lloyd Greek grooming hair History of Medicine holy human Hygieia John later linen living London male medieval moral naked natural Neolithic Norbert Elias numbers Oxford University Press paint palace passim Penguin perfumed personal hygiene philosophy physical political pollution popular population public baths public health purification puritanism reform Regimen religious ritual Roman Rome Routledge Roy Porter Sanditon sanitary sexual skin soap social Society springs stone swimming Syphilis temple thermae things toilette town trade traditional trans urban vegetarian virgin vitalist washing women