dlestick biddings;" and in the north of England still occur sales where the bidders do not know each other's offers-"dumb biddings."In point of law, the auctioneer is the seller's agent, and as such has a special property in the goods, a lien upon them or upon the purchase money, where he is authorized to receive it, for his commission, the auction duty, and the charges of the sale. If he exceed his authority, or refuse to give the name of his principal, he renders himself personally liable. In sales of real estate he is usually authorized to receive the deposit, but not the residue of the purchase money. The conditions of sale and the plans and description of the property, if printed or written, control the oral statements of the auctioneer. Slight inaccuracies of description do not, but substantial ones do avoid the sale. A bid at an auction may be retracted before the hammer is down, and, in cases where a written entry is required to complete the sale, before that is made. For a bid is only an offer, which does not bind either party until assented to. Fraud upon either side avoids the sale. The employment of bidders by the owner is or is not illegal, according as circumstances tend to show bad or good faith. To employ them in order to prevent a sacrifice by buying in the property is, except where the sale is advertised as being "without reserve," allowable; but it is a fraud to use them for the purpose of enhancing the price through a fictitious competition. On the other hand, the sale is void if the purchaser prevails upon others to desist from bidding by appeals to their sympathy or false representations.

AUDE, a maritime department of France, in Languedoc, bounded by the Mediterranean and the departments of Pyrénées-Orientales, Ariége, Haute-Garonne, Tarn, and Hérault; area, 2,437 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 285,927. It is subject to violent gales. The surface is mountainous and hilly, the soil generally productive. The canal of Languedoc intersects the northern part of the department from W. to E., and the canal of Robine or Narbonne crosses the eastern portion from N. to S. Corn and wine are abundant, and are exported. The river Aude rises near its S. border in Pyrénées-Orientales, flows N. as far as Carcassonne, and then along the S. bank of the Languedoc canal to Narbonne, a few miles E. of which it falls into the Mediterranean. The Lers, an affluent of the Ariége, flows along the W. border. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Limoux, and Narbonne. It has manufactures of woollen cloths, paper, iron ware, brandy, salt, and earthenware. Capital, Carcassonne.

AUDEBERT, Jean Baptiste, a French painter and naturalist, born at Rochefort in 1759, died in 1800. He studied painting in Paris, and became distinguished for his miniatures. Having been employed to paint some specimens of natural history, he acquired an absorbing interest in the science. A journey through

England and Holland furnished materials for a number of admirable designs, which appeared shortly afterward in Olivier's Histoire des insectes. The artist next prepared his Histoire naturelle des singes, des makis et des galéopithéques (Paris, 1800), containing 16 colored plates, and showing an equal facility in the author as designer, engraver, and writer. The splendor of his coloring had never been equalled, and by certain ingenious processes, such as the application of gold leaf variously tinted, he was enabled to reproduce the most gorgeous plumage of birds and insects. His substitution of oils for water colors is also considered a great improvement in the art of animal illustration. His other works, Histoire générale des colibris, des oiseaux-mouches, des jacamars et des promerops (Paris, 1802), and Histoire naturelle des grimpereaux et des oiseaux de paradis, were published after his death, and are still among the most esteemed of their kind.

AUDLEY, Thomas, lord, lord chancellor of England in the reign of Henry VIII., supposed to have been born at Earl's Colne, in Essex, died at his London residence in 1544. In 1529 he was made speaker of the house of commons in that long parliament which broke up the smaller religious houses throughout the kingdom. In 1532 he was knighted, and succeeded Sir Thomas More as keeper of the great seal, and on Jan. 26, 1533, became lord chancellor of England, which office he retained until his death. Audley presided at the trial of Sir Thomas More. In the distribution of the church lands, the priory of the canons of the Holy Trinity, usually called Christ church, in London, with all the real estate of the establishment, and the great abbey of Walden in Essex, fell to his share. The former he altered into a town residence for himself. In 1538 he was created Baron Audley of Walden. In 1542 he gave certain lands toward the support of the institution then known as Buckingham college, Oxford, which was thereupon incorporated under the name of St. Mary Magdalen.

AUDOUARD, Olympe, a French traveller and writer, born about 1830. Having separated from her husband, who was a notary of Marseilles, she visited Egypt, Turkey, Russia, and the United States, contributing to newspapers and delivering lectures in New York (1868) and in Paris (1869). Her principal works are: Comment aiment les hommes (1861; 3d ed., 1865); Les mystères du serail et des harems turcs (1863); Les mystères de l'Égypte dévoilés (1865); Guerre aux hommes (1866); L'Orient et ses peuplades (1867); Lettre aux députés, les droits de la femme (1867); and À travers l'Amérique du Nord (Paris, 1871).

AUDOUIN, Jean Victor, a French entomologist, born in Paris, April 27, 1797, died Nov. 9, 1841. He married the daughter of Alexandre Brongniart, with whom and with Dumas he established in 1824 the Annales des sciences naturelles. He succeeded Latreille as professor of entomology at the museum, obtained his

diploma as a physician in 1826, became subdirector of the library of the institute, founder and president of the entomological society, and in 1838 member of the academy. At the request of the government he investigated the injury caused by insects to the silk and vine culture, and published the results of his observations in the annals of the academy and of the entomological society. He described Savigny's zoological designs in the great work on Egypt published under the auspices of the government, contributed to various cyclopædias, and published with Milne-Edwards, his collaborator in many other works, Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle du littoral de la France (2 vols., Paris, 1830); and with MilneEdwards and Blanchard, Histoire des insectes nuisibles à la vigne, et particulièrement de la pyrale, qui dévaste les vignobles (Paris, 1842). AUDRAIN, a N. E. county of Missouri; area, 680 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 12,307, of whom 1,070 were colored. The surface is level or undulating; the soil is generally fertile and suitable for grazing. In 1870 the county produced 44,545 bushels of wheat, 648,963 of Indian corn, 292,435 of oats, 12,226 tons of hay, 6,850 lbs. of tobacco, 28,223 of wool, and 241,855 of butter. Capital, Mexico, on the North Missouri railroad.

AUDRAN, the name of a celebrated family of French engravers, all descending from Louis Audran, an officer of the wolf-hunt under Henry IV., whose son CLAUDE, born in 1592, settled at Lyons, became professor of engraving at the academy of that city, and died in 1677. GERARD, son of Claude, born at Lyons in 1640, studied three years at Rome under Carlo Maratti, and acquired fame by his engraving of a portrait of Pope Clement IX. Colbert invited him to Paris, where he, with almost unparalleled ability, engraved for Louis XIV. the best pictures of Le Brun. He was also the author of a work on the proportions of the human figure, published in folio, with 27 plates of ancient statues. He died in Paris in 1703. JEAN, brother of Gérard, born about 1667, had his studio in the Gobelins, and left a number of fine works of art, the most celebrated of which is his engraving of the Enlèvement des Sabines, after Poussin. He died in 1756. Several others of the family attained considerable distinction.

AUDUBON, a S. W. county of Iowa; area, 630 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 1,212. It is intersected by an affluent of the Missouri. In 1870 the county produced 26,174 bushels of wheat, 98,150 of Indian corn, 7,100 of oats, and 3,457 tons of hay. Capital, Exira.

AUDUBON, John James, an American ornithologist, born on a plantation in Louisiana, May 4, 1780, died in New York, Jan. 27, 1851. He was the son of an officer in the French navy. When very young he showed the greatest fondness for birds, keeping many as pets. He made sketches of these, and, disclosing considerable talent as a draughtsman, was taken

to France to be educated, and placed in the studio of the celebrated painter David. He was 17 years old when he returned to his native country, and he afterward became possessed of a fine farm on the banks of the Schuylkill in Pennsylvania. His researches into the habits of birds, and his drawings of them, absorbed his attention, and though unsuccessful at first in bringing his drawings before the public, he laid during the years of his life in Pennsylvania the foundations of the great work which he afterward produced. A severe trial befell him when, after having accumulated a large stock of the most carefully executed designs, he discovered that the whole of them had been destroyed by mice. After 10 years' residence in Pennsylvania, he removed to Henderson, Kentucky, where he embarked in trade. In 1810 he made the acquaintance of the Scotch ornithologist Alexander Wilson, who was then prosecuting his own researches in the American wilderness, and accompanied him in his excursions. The next year Audubon visited the bayous of Florida, gathering with his rifle and pencil new subjects for study. In 1824 he went to Philadelphia and New York, to make arrangements for the publication of the results of his labors; and for the same purpose he sailed for England in 1826. He was everywhere received by learned societies and scientific men with the utmost cordiality and enthusiasm. Among his warmest admirers in Great Britain were Jeffrey, John Wilson, and Sir Walter Scott; and in Paris, Cuvier, Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, and Humboldt. Of the 170 subscribers at $1,000 each to his splendid volume, the "Birds of America," nearly one half came from England and France. This volume was issued in numbers, containing five plates each, every object being of the size of life. By Nov. 11, 1828, eleven numbers of the work had appeared, with nearly 100 plates. In 1829 he returned to the United States, where he gathered materials for a new work, which he termed his "Ornithological Biographies." In 1832 he made another visit to England, where in the course of two years the second volume of the

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Birds of America" was published, and a second volume also of the "Ornithological Biographies." In 1833, having returned for the last time to this country, he established himself in a beautiful residence on the banks of the Hudson, near the city of New York, where he commenced a new edition of the "Birds of America," in imperial octavo. This was finished in seven volumes in 1844. During this interval Audubon exhibited in the hall of the New York lyceum of natural history a collection of his original drawings containing several thousand specimens of birds and animals, all of which. had been gathered by his own hand, all drawn as large as life, and all represented in their natural habitats or localities. He next projected a work on the "Quadrupeds of America," on the same imperial scale with that on the birds. For this purpose he began, in company

with his sons, Victor Gifford and John Woodhouse, who both inherited much of his talent as an artist as well as a naturalist, a new course of travel. But the approach of old age induced his friends to dissuade him from the more toilsome expeditions which he thought necessary to complete this scheme. A great deal of the labor was performed for him by his friend Dr. Bachman, of Charleston, S. C., and he was largely assisted in the other departments by his sons. He died before the work was ended. His sons completed and published the "Quadrupeds of America," in folio and imperial octavo volumes, uniform with the two editions of the "Birds," but died without executing their cherished design of writing a biography of their father. Mrs. Audubon, now (1873) upward of 80 years of age, prepared, with the aid of a friend, a memoir which appeared in New York in 1869, entitled "The Life of John James Audubon the Naturalist," accompanied by a portrait after Henry Inman's well known picture, and a view of Audubon's residence. The work was also published in London. Audubon was a fellow of the Linnæan and zoological societies of London, of the natural history society of Paris, of the Wernerian society of Edinburgh, of the lyceum of natural history at New York, and an honorary member of the society of natural history at Manchester, of the royal Scottish academy of painting, sculpture, and architecture, and of many other scientific bodies.

AUENBRUGGER VON AUENBRUG (often called AVENBRUGGER), Leopold, the inventor of the method of investigating internal diseases by percussion, born in Gratz, Styria, Nov. 19, 1722, died in Vienna, May 18, 1809. He was physician to the Spanish hospital in Vienna, and first made known his discovery in a treatise entitled Inventum Novum ex Percussione Thoracis Humani Interni Pectoris Morbos Detegendi (Vienna, 1761), which was translated into French by Rozière (1770), and again by Corvisart (1808), and into English by Dr. John Forbes (1824.) (See AUSCULTATION.)

AUERBACH, Berthold, a German author, of Jewish parentage, born at Nordstetten in the Black Forest, Feb. 28, 1812. He studied theology and jurisprudence at Tübingen, and philosophy and history at Munich and Berlin. His earliest historical novels treat of Judaism, as Spinoza (2 vols., Stuttgart,, 1837), and Dichter und Kaufmann (2 vols., 1839); and in 1841 he published a German translation of Spinoza's works in 5 vols., with a highly appreciative biographical notice. Subsequently he became celebrated by his descriptions of German village life, remarkable for an abundance of philosophical reflections and poetical feeling, especially by his Schwarzwälder Dorfgeschichten (4 vols., 1843-'54; English translation, "Black Forest Village Stories," 1869); his popular political almanac, Der Gevattersmann (1845-'8; republished in Schatzkästlein des Gevattersmanns, 1856); Schrift und Volk (1846); Neues Leben

(1851); and still more by his Barfüssele (1856; English translation, "Little Barefoot," 1867); Joseph im Schnee (1860; English translation, "Joseph in the Snow," 1867); Edelweiss (1861; English translation, 1869); Auf der Höhe (1865; English translation, "On the Heights," 1868); and Das Landhaus am Rhein (1869), of which there are several English translations under the titles of "Villa Eden" and "Villa on the Rhine." The tale, Die Frau Professorin (1848; English translation, "The Professor's Lady," new ed., 1871), used by Madame Birch-Pfeiffer in her drama, Dorf und Stadt, is regarded as one of his most characteristic works. A number of his tales were published in an English translation in 1869 under the title of "German Stories," and in French in 1853 under that of Contes d'Auerbach. There are various other translations from his works in English, French, Dutch, and Swedish. He has also written a tragedy, Andree Hofer (Leipsic, 1850), and a drama, Der Wahlspruch (1856), but they were not as successful as his tales. His principal political work is Tagebuch aus Wien (Breslau, 1849; English translation, "Events in Vienna," London, 1849). Since 1858 he has edited in Berlin a popular almanac, Deutscher Volks Kalender, and he chiefly resides in that city. A new edition of his complete works was published in Stuttgart in 1871. During the FrancoGerman war he accompanied for some time one of the German princes, and wrote letters for a German newspaper.

AUERBACH, Heinrich, a medical professor and senator in Leipsic, born in 1482, died in 1543. His real name was Stromer, but he adopted the name of his native town, Auerbach, in Bavaria, and in 1530 erected a large building in Grimma street, Leipsic, which is still known as the Auerbachshof. Auerbach was a friend of Luther, and when the discussions between the reformer and Eck took place at Leipsic, he offered to his friend the use of his house and table. A principal feature of the Auerbachshof is the cellar in which Luther drank, and out of which, according to popular tradition, Dr. Faust rode upon a barrel, an event illustrated by a painting which still decorates the subterranean walls.

AUERSPERG, Anton Alexander, count (popularly known as ANASTASIUS GRÜN, his nom de plume), a German poet, born at Laybach, April 11, 1806. He belongs to an ancient family which originated in Swabia, and subsequently settled in Carniola, where it acquired extensive estates. He early became prominent in the liberal party of Austria, was a member of the Frankfort preliminary parliament, and of the national assembly in the same city (1848), in which he was esteemed eloquent, and took a conspicuous part in the diet of Carniola from 1861 to 1867, after which his ultra-German tendencies made his position in that assembly so unpleasant that he procured his election to the diet of Styria. Since 1861 he has been a

life member of the upper house of the Austrian Reichsrath, and in 1868 he was unanimously chosen first president of the Cisleithan delegation. The degree of doctor of philosophy was conferred upon him in 1865, on occasion of the 500th anniversary of the university of Vienna. He holds a high rank among the lyrical and epic poets of Germany, especially excelling as a humorist and a political satirist. Among his most renowned works are: Der letzte Ritter (Stuttgart, 1830; English version by John O. Sargent, New York, 1871), Spaziergänge eines Wiener Poeten (Hamburg, 1831), Schutt (Leipsic, 1835), and Gedichte (1837).

AUERSPERG, Carlos, prince, an Austrian statesman, born May 1, 1814. Though the head of the principal branch of his family, one of the oldest in the empire, he lived in retirement on his estates till the reëstablishment of constitutional government by the imperial patent of February, 1861. He was appointed by Schmerling president of the upper chamber of the Vienna Reichsrath, and has since in various capacities, in that assembly and as representative of the Bohemian landed nobility at the diet of Prague, performed a very conspicuous part in defence of the constitutional system against clerical and feudal reaction, of the interests of the German nationality against the Czechs, and of the unity of the empire against federation. He readily accepted, however, the dualistic platform of 1867, and cooperated in establishing and maintaining the new order of things in Austro-Hungary. Early in 1868 he became president of the so-called "citizens' cabinet" in Cisleithan Austria, but the transactions of Count Beust, the imperial chancellor, with the Czechs obliged him to retire in the autumn of the same year. He remained in opposition during the administrations of Count Potocki and Hohenwart, and is now (1873) a zealous supporter of the liberal cabinet headed by his brother Adolph (born July 21, 1821). AUERSTÄDT, a village of Thuringia, in the Prussian province of Saxony, 10 m. W. of Naumburg, famous for Davoust's great victory over the Prussian army under the duke of Brunswick on the same day on which Napoleon defeated the main army of Frederick William III. at Jena, Oct. 14, 1806. Davoust, with 35,000 men, beat 50,000, and Napoleon made him duke of Auerstädt. (See JENA.)

AUGEAS, or Angias, a mythical king of Elis, the cleansing of whose stables was one of the 12 labors of Hercules. (See HERCULES.) When the hero demanded the stipulated reward, Augeas refused to give it to him; whereupon Hercules slew him and all his sons save Phyleus, whom he made king in the room of his father. AUGER. See BORING.

tled at Naples, and gained his livelihood by teaching fencing, until, being suspected of revolutionary principles, he was ordered to quit Italy. Entering the French republican army of the south, he rose rapidly from grade to grade, merely by intrepidity, for he had no military genius. His numerous and contemptible vices made him everywhere hated, but he had great physical courage. In 1794 he was made brigadier general in the army of the eastern Pyrenees, and afterward general of division. On the peace with Spain he was appointed to the army of Italy, and served in all its campaigns under Bonaparte. By his charge at Lodi he decided the victory, and he still more distinguished himself by storming the position of Castiglione (1796). On the overthrow of the directory, on the 18th Fructidor (1797), he expected the succession to one of the expelled directors; but being disappointed, he affected the severe republican, and on Bonaparte's return from Egypt held aloof from him until after the revolution of Brumaire (1798). Shortly after the establishment of the empire he was rewarded with the baton of a marshal, and created duke of Castiglione (1805). He fought bravely in the wars with Austria and Prussia (1805 and 1806), especially at Jena. At Eylau (1807), when so ill that he could hardly sit upright, he compelled his servants to tie him to his saddle, and thus led his column into the fight. Being wounded, however, he was compelled to fall back, his men were thrown into disorder, and Napoleon unjustly sent him home in disgrace. In 1810 he served in Spain, and in 1813 distinguished himself at Leipsic; and when France was invaded in 1814, he was intrusted with the defence of Lyons, which he pledged himself to maintain to the last; but failing through want of means to make good his word, he was again unjustly disgraced. While in retirement at Valence, a proclamation appeared in his name stigmatizing the emperor as an odious despot, and a mean coward, who knew not how to die as becomes a soldier;" and although the authenticity of the document has been denied by his defenders, Napoleon believed in it. On the way to Elba, Napoleon met his ex-marshal, on the road near Valence; and both descending from their carriages, an interview followed, which terminated in an altercation. Augereau gave in his adhesion to Louis XVIII., received the cross of St. Louis and the command of the 14th division, and was appointed a peer of France. On the return of Napoleon from Elba, he remained inactive until the emperor was actually in Paris, when he would have returned to his party, but Napoleon would not trust him. On the second restoration of the Bourbons, he would again have made his peace with the king; but finding no encouragement, he retired to his seat at La Houssaye, where he died.

He produced his first play, La ciguë, in 1844. His comedy Gabrielle (1849) placed him at the head of the so-called common-sense school of dramatists. Many of his subsequent comedies were of a lower tone, but more brilliant. Among the most successful are: Le gendre de M. Poirier (jointly with M. Sardou, 1855), Le mariage d' Olympe (1855), Les effrontés (1861), and Maitre Guérin (1864). He succeeded Salvandy as member of the French academy, Jan. 2, 1858.

AUGITE, a mineral species synonymous with pyroxene; also used by Prof. Dana to designate a section or group of species of the class of anhydrous silicates. (See PYROXENE.)

AUGLAIZE, a W. county of Ohio; area, 399 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 20,041. The Miami canal and the Dayton and Michigan railroad pass through the county. Near the western boun

| dary is a reservoir 9 m. long, formed to supply the canal, and occupying the most elevated site between the channel of the Ohio river and Lake Erie. It is drained in part by Auglaize river, a tributary of the Maumee at Defiance. The surface is nearly level, well wooded, and the soil is good. In 1870 the county produced 269,756 bushels of wheat, 13,046 of rye, 245,277 of oats, 34,584 of barley, 379,015 of Indian corn, 14,694 tons of hay, 76,650 ibs. of wool, and 246,085 of butter. There were 29,678 sheep and 19,809 hops. Capital, Wapakoneta.

AUGSBURG, a city of Bavaria, situated between the rivers Wertach and Lech, at their confluence, 33 m. N. W. of Munich; pop. in 1871, 51,284. It is one of the most ancient German cities. Augustus, having conquered the Vindelicians in 12 B. C., established there a colony called Augusta Vindelicorum, on a

spot, according to some, already inhabited and called Damasia. The Huns destroyed it in the 5th century; and during the wars between Thassilo, duke of Bavaria, and Charlemagne, it suffered much. In 1276, having become rich by trade and industry, the city bought its freedom from the duke of Swabia. Its prosperity increased continually. It was the principal emporium for the trade between northern Europe, the countries on the Mediterranean, and the East, previous to the discovery of America and the doubling of the Cape of Good Hope. Its merchants, including the celebrated Fuggers, possessed vessels on all the seas then known. Its greatest prosperity was toward the end of the 15th and the first part of the 16th century. The arts had here their focus, and the Holbeins and other names known in the history of Ger

man art belonged to it. After the war against the league of Smalcald the decline of Augsburg began. Here on June 25, 1530, the Protestant princes submitted to Charles V. the confession of their faith, which bears in history the name of the "Confession of Augsburg." In 1555 the religious peace between that emperor and the Protestants was concluded here. At the dissolution of the German empire, Augsburg lost its privileges as a free city, and was incorporated with Bavaria. It is now the capital of the circle of Swabia and Neuburg, and is the seat of various superior administrative, judicial, and clerical boards. In Augsburg is published the Allgemeine Zeitung, one of the foremost political and literary journals of the world, issued by the great publishing house of Cotta. The city possesses a large public library, which is increasing daily. The collection of various manu