CLARKE, A. and J. B. B. A Concise View of the Succession of Sacred Literature. 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1830-32. DARLING, J. Cyclopædia Bibliographica: A Library Manual of Theological and General Literature. 2 vols. royal 8vo, London, 1854-9. DE MORGAN, A. Arithmetical Books, from the Invention of Printing to the Present Time. Post 8vo, London, 1847. DUPIN, A. M. Manuel des étudiants en droit. 12mo, Paris, 1835. DUPIN, A. M. Manuel du droit public ecclésiastique français. 12mo, Paris, 1844. Containing bibliographical notices of works upon law, &c. DUPLESSIS, P. A. G. Bibliographie parémiologique. (Bibliography of Proverbs.) 8vo. Paris, 1847. DRYANDER, J. Catalogus Bibliothecæ Historico-Naturalis Josephi Banks. 5 vols. 8vo, London, 1796-1800. The most complete catalogue of books on natural history ever published. The collection now belongs to the British museum. ELLIS, H. Catalogue of Books on Angling. 8vo, London, 1811. ELMES, J. General and Bibliographical Dictionary of the Fine Arts. 8vo, London, 1826. ENGELMANN, W. Bibliotheca Philologica. (A list of Greek and Latin grammars, dictionaries, &c., published from 1750 to 1852.) 3d ed., 8vo, Leipsic, 1853. Also, Bibliotheca Mechanico-Technologica, 1 vol.; Bibliotheca Scriptorum Classicorum, 1 vol.; Medico-Chirurgica, 1 vol.; Economica, 1 vol.; Veterinaria, 1 vol.; Zoologica et Palæontologica, 1 vol.; Bibliothek der Forst- und Jagdwissenschaften, 1 vol.; Bibliothek der Handlungswissenschaft, 1 vol.; Bibliothek der neuern Sprachen, 1 vol. FORBES, J. Manual of Select Medical Bibliography. Royal Svo, London, 1835. HORNE, T. H. Manual of Biblical Bibliography. 2d ed., 8vo, HOYER, Dr. J. G. VON. Literatur der Kriegswissenschaft und 1803. Bibliographie astronomique. 4to, Paris, M'CULLOCH, J. R. The Literature of Political Economy. 8vo, London, 1845. MURHARD, F. W. A. Bibliotheca Mathematica. 5 vols. 8vo, Leipsic, 1797-1805. Containing the literature of arithmetic, geometry, mechanics, op. ties, &c. OETTINGER, E. M. Bibliographie biographique universelle. (Dictionary of works relative to the public and private life of celebrated personages.) 2 vols. 4to, Brussels, 1850–54. ORME, W. Bibliotheca Biblica: A Select List of Books on Sacred Literature, with notices, &c. 8vo, Edinburgb, 1824. PERCHERON, A. Bibliographie entomologique. 2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1837. PLOUCQUET, W. G. Literatura Medica Digesta. 4 vols. royal 4to, Tübingen, 1808-19. POOLE, W. F. An Index to Periodical Literature. 8vo, New York, 1853. An exceedingly useful book, being a complete key to the contents of 1,500 volumes of standard American and English periodicals. Roy, C. H. A. Catalogus Bibliothecæ Medicæ. 5 vols. 8vo, Amsterdam, 1830. TERNAUX-COMPANS, H. Bibliothèque asiatique et africaine. 2 parts. 8vo, Paris, 1841-2. WALCH, J. G. Bibliotheca Theologica Selecta. 4 vols. 8vo, Jena, 1757-65. WALCH, J. G. Bibliotheca Patristica, Litterariis Annotationibus instructa. New ed., 8vo, Jena, 1884. National bibliographies (catalogues of works in the literature of a single nation) are very numerous. Of these also we can only give some of the most useful. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE of Books, Translations of the Scriptures, and other Publications in the Indian Tongues of the United States. Svo, Washington, 1849. BIBLIOTHECA AMERICANA; or, a Chronological Catalogue of the most curious and interesting Books, Pamphlets, &c., upon North and South America. 4to, London, 1789. DALRYMPLE, A. Catalogue of Authors who have written on the Rio de la Plata, &c. 4to, London, 1807. FARIBAULT, B. G. Catalogue des ouvrages sur l'histoire de l'Amérique. (Especially pertaining to those parts of Amer ica formerly in the possession of the French.) 8 pts. 8vo, Quebec, 1837. HARRISSE, H. Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima. Royal Svo, New York, 1866. KENNET, W. Bibliothecæ Americanæ Primordia. 4to, London, 1718. LUDEWIG, H. E. The Literature of American Local History; a Bibliographical Essay. 8vo, New York, 1846. MEUSEL, J G. Bibliotheca Historica. Vols. 3 and 10. RICH, O. A Catalogue of Books relating principally to America, arranged under the years in which they were printed, from 1500 to 1700. Svo, London, 1882. ANDERSON, C. Annals of the English Bible. (Containing a list of the various editions, &c.) 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1:45. BELOE, WILLIAM Anecdotes of Literature and Scarce Books. Svo, London, 1807-'12. BOHN, J. Catalogue of an Extensive Collection of English Books. 8vo, London, 1829. BRYDGES, S. E. Censura Literaria; containing Titles, Abstracts, and Opinions of old English Books. 10 vols. 8vo, London, 1816. BRYDGES, S. E. The British Bibliographer. 4 vols. 8vo, BRYDGES, S. E. Restituta; or, Titles, Extracts, and Characters of Old Books in English Literature, revised. 4 vols. Svo, London, 1814-'16. COLLIER, J. P. Bibliographical and Critical Account of the Rarest Books in the English Language. 2 vols., London, 1865; 4 vols., New York, 1866. COTTON, H. Editions of the Bible and Parts thereof in Eng- HAZLITT, W. C. Hand Book to the Popular, Poetical, and LOWNDES, W. T. The Bibliographer's Manual of English Literature. New ed., 6 vols. in 11 parts, Bohn, London, 1857-64. MACRAY, W. D. A Manual of British Historians to A. D. 1600. 8vo, London, 1845. MARTIN, J. Bibliographical Catalogue of Books privately printed in England. 2 vols. imp. 8vo, London, 1884. MOULE, T. Bibliotheca Heraldica Magnæ Britanniæ: An Analytical Catalogue of Books on Genealogy, Heraklry, Nobility, Knighthood, and Ceremonies. Royal Svo, London, 1822. REID, J. Bibliotheca Scoto-Celtica; or, an Account of all the Books which have been published in the Gaelic Language. Svo, London, 1882. SAVAGE J. The Librarian; being an Account of Scarce, Valuable, and Useful English Books. 3 vols. Svo, London, 1809-12. SMITH, J. R. A Bibliographical List of all Works illustrating the Provincial Dialects of England. Svo, London, 1846, STEVENS, H. Catalogue of my English Library. Post 8vo, London, 1858. Giving a select list of 5,751 volumes. UPCOTT, W. Bibliography of Works on British Topography. 8 vols. 8vo, London, isis. WALPOLE, H. Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors of England; enlarged by Park. 5 vols. 8vo, London, 1806. WRIGHT, T. Biographia Britannica Literaria. Anglo-Saxon and Norman Periods. (With lists of works, &c.) 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1842-'6. WATT, R. Bibliotheca Britannica; or, a General Index of British and Foreign Literature. 4 vols. 4to, Edinburgh, 1820. Vola. i. and ii., alphabetical; vols. iii. and iv., index. DESESSARTS, N. L. Les siècles littéraires de la France. (Bibliographical dictionary of French writers to the end of the 18th century, with supplements.) 7 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1800-3. DICTIONNAIRE biographique et bibliographique des prédicateurs et sermonnaires français, par l'Abbé de la P. Svo, Paris, 1824. GIRAULT DE SAINT-FARGEAU, A. Bibliographie historique et topographique de la France. 4to, Paris, 1845. GONAN, P. M. Bibliographie historique de la ville de Lyon pendant la révolution française, Svo, Lyons, 1845. LELONG. J. Bibliothèque historique de la France. folio, Paris, 1765-78. 5 vols. Containing 50,000 articles, 9 indexes, and a table of anonymous authors. LORENZ O. Catalogue général de la librairie française. 1840-65. 4 vols., Paris, 1871. QUÉRARD. J. M. La France littéraire, ou Dictionnaire bibliographique, &c. (18th and 19th centuries.) 12 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1827-164. QUERARD, J. M. La littérature française contemporaine, 1827-49. (Commenced by Quérard, and continued by others.) 6 vols. Svo, Paris, 1842-'57. QUÉRARD, J. M. Les supercheries littéraires dévoilées, Galeries des auteurs apocryphes, supposés, déguisés, &c., de la littérature française. 4 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1847–52. Brunet's Manuel du libraire, before mentioned, although a general work, is very rich in French bibliography. A classified catalogue of all the works on geography and travels published in Germany, from the middle of the 14th century down to 1856, with prices, index, &c. ENGELMANN, W. Bibliothek der schönen Wissenschaften. (A list of German romances, plays, and poems, published from 1750 to 1845.) 2 vols. 8vo, Leipsic, 1837-46. ERSCH, J. S. Handbuch der deutschen Literatur. 2d ed., 4 vols. 8vo, Leipsic, 1822-'45. A classed catalogue of all the books published in Germany from the middle of the 18th century. BRYDGES, S. E. Res Literariæ, bibliographical and critical. (Principally upon Italian literature.) 8 vols. Svo, Naples, Rome, and Geneva, 1821-2. CANTU, I. L'Italia scientifica contemporanea. 8vo, Milan, 1844. FONTANINI, G. Biblioteca dell' eloquenza italiana, con le annotazioni del Signor Apostolo Zeno. 2 vols. 4to, Parma, 1803-4. An index to this last edition was published in 1811. GAMBA, B. Delle novelle italiane in prosa bibliografia. 2d ed., 8vo, Florence, 1835. A detailed account of the works of the Italian novelista. GAMBA DA BASSANO, B. Serie dei testi di lingua. 4th ed. royal 8vo, Venice, 1589. A general Italian bibliographical dictionary, with copious notes and indexes. HAYM, N. F. Biblioteca italiana, osia notizia de' libri rari italiani. New ed., 2 vols., 4to Milan, 1771-'2. 6. SPAIN, PORTugal, and Northern Europe. ANTONIO, N. Bibliotheca Hispana Vetus ad annum 1500. New ed., 2 vols. folio, Madrid, 1788. ANTONIO, N. Bibliotheca Hispana Nova, ab anno 1500 ad annum 1684. New ed., 2 vols. folio, Madrid, 1783-8. BARBOSA-MACHADO, D. Bibliotheca Lusitana Critica et Chronologica. 4 vols. folio, Lisbon, 1741-'59. BENTKOWSKI, F. Historya literatury polskiej. (History of Polish Literature, exhibited in a list of writings, &c.) 2 vols. 8vo, Warsaw and Wilna, 1814. BOUTERWEK, F. History of Spanish and Portuguese Literature, translated by Ross. 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1823. CASIRI, M. Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escurialensis. 2 vols. folio, Madrid, 1760–270. CASTRO, J. R. de. Biblioteca Española. 2 vols. folio, Madrid, 1781-26. NYERUP, R. Almindeligt Literaturlexicon for Danmark, &c. 2 vols. 4to, Copenhagen, 1820. A universal literary lexicon of Denmark, Norway, and Iceland, giving an account of authors and their works. OTTO, F. History of Russian Literature, with a Lexicon of Russian Authors. 8vo, Oxford, 1839. RECKE und NAPIERSKY. Allgemeines Schriftsteller und Gelehrten-Lexikon der Provinzen Livland, Esthland, und Kurland. 4 vols. thick 8vo, Mitau, 1827-82. SALVÁ, V. Catalogue of Spanish and Portuguese Books, with bibliographical remarks. 2 vols. Svo, London, 1826-7. WARMHOLTZ, C. G. Bibliotheca Historica Sueco-Gothica. 15 vols. Svo, Stockholm, 1782-1817. 7. MISCELLANEOUS. PAGÈS, L. Bibliographie japonaise, ou catalogue des ouvra ges relatifs au Japon. 4to, Paris, 1871. BIBLIOTHECA HISPANO-AMERICANA. 16mo, London, 1871. In most of these countries periodical catalogues of all current publications, critical jour HEINSIUS, W. Allgemeines Bücherlexikon. (With five sup- nals, weekly trade circulars, &c., have long plements.) 13 vols. 4to, Leipsic, 1812-'49. been published, forming collectively valuable sources of information. BIBLIOMANIA (Gr. ßißhiov, book, and pavía, din to denote a rage for possessing rare and madness), a term first introduced by Dr. Dibcurious books. The bibliomaniac proceeds acof books rather than of knowledge, attaches cording to certain principles, but, being a lover himself to accidental rather than essential qualities, and spends a fortune for works the contents of which he might obtain for a few dollars. The specialty which gives value to a book may be its age or rarity, the vicissitudes through which it has passed, or the fact of its having issued from a particular publishing house. It may be a handsome and peculiar binding, fanciful typography, the circumstance that it has belonged to some eminent personage, possessing perhaps an autograph or marginal notes, or that the purchaser desires it to swell a collection in some particular department of literature. Bibliomania originated in Holland near the close of the 17th century, י, | derstand a word of that science. Bibliomani- A gentleman of New York has obtained a copy of this work at an expense BIBRA, Ernst von, baron, a German naturalist BICÊTRE, a village of France, in the department of the Seine, near Sceaux, on the way from Fontainebleau to Paris, celebrated for its hospital; pop. (including inmates of the hospital) about 5,500. It derives its name from and occupies the site of a château built in 1290 by John, bishop of Winchester. A military hospital was founded here by Cardinal Richelieu in 1632. The inmates were afterward removed E to the Invalides, and Bicêtre became a hospital for the poor and an asylum for vagrants. Under Louis XVI. a part of it was set aside for the treatment of venereal diseases, the patients invariably receiving a flogging as the first step in the cure. During the massacres of September, 1792, the inmates defended themselves desperately against the terrorists, and a horrible slaughter ensued. The establishment now has departments for the following classes: 1, old servants of the hospital, able-bodied old men, and blind lads; 2, the sick generally; 3, old men not quite disabled, and men over 70 years of age; 4, blind old men, and those suffering under grave diseases; 5, incurable invalids, lunatics, idiots, and epileptics. About one half of the inmates are paupers; the majority of the rest are lunatics; the whole number of inmates is from 3,000 to 4,000, including about 600 employees with their families. Women are not received, and children are taken only when they are insane or epileptic; of these there are about 100. The annual expenses exceed 1,300,000 francs. The buildings include a gymnasium, library, church, and school, and workshops in which those who are able to labor are employed in woollen spinning, glass polishing, &c. About 200 lunatics are occupied in agricultural labor on a farm near the hospital. BICHAT, Marie François Xavier, a French anatomist and physiologist, born at Thoirette-enBresse, department of the Ain, Nov. 11, 1771, died in Paris, July 22, 1802. He was a student of the Jesuit seminary of St. Irénée at Lyons until the revolution in 1789, when he returned home and began the study of anatomy under his father, a physician at Poncin, and afterward attended lectures at the hospital of Lyons. Driven from Lyons again by the revolution, he went in 1793 to Paris to study surgery under Desault at the Hôtel Dieu, who, pleased with his zeal and ability, invited him to reside in his own house, subsequently adopted him as his son, and destined him to be his successor. After the death of Desault (1795) Bichat arranged and published the works of his master, and opened a school of anatomy, physiology, and surgery. He also undertook a series of experiments on the chemical, physical, physiological, and vital properties of the different tissues of the animal economy. During a severe attack of illness, caused by overwork, he passed the time in maturing his views of anatomy and physiology, and sketched the plan of the works in which these views were afterward developed. As soon as he had partially recovered, he recommenced his labors. In spite of increasing weakness, he continued to pass several hours a day in a damp cellar, macerating animal tissues and making various experiments to ascertain the properties of each particular kind of structure in the organs of the body. In a short time he was seized with typhoid fever, which proved fatal in the course of 14 days. Although he had lived less than 31 years, he had done enough already to immortalize his VOL. II.-40 name. He was the first who undertook a systematic analysis to reduce the complex structures of the body to their elementary tissues, and to ascertain the peculiar properties, chemical, physical, and vital, which characterize each simple tissue. The idea of such a work had been suggested by partial analyses before, but his Anatomie générale formed a new era in the development of that branch of science. The work abounds with minute and laborious research, extensive and elaborate experiment, conducted with intuitive insight and practical skill; and though a monument of fame, it was completed and published in a year. It was recognized at once and universally as the work of a great genius. Soon after its publication he commenced his Anatomie descriptive, conceived on a new plan; this was left unfinished, but was completed according to his directions by his friends and disciples. There was little systematic order in the study of anatomy and physiology before this time. Dissections were made chiefly with a view to the practical art of surgery alone, and not with any comprehensive view of general analysis. He first laid stress on the general distinction between conscious and unconscious life in the body, and the correspondingly incessant action of one set of organs, sleeping or waking, contrasted with the interrupted action of another set of organs, which are active in the waking state and passive during sleep. He divided the organism, therefore, into two distinct mechanisms which he called the organic and relational, or the vegetative and the animal. These distinctions are admitted at the present day, although the vegetative or the organic mechanism is more commonly subdivided into the nutritive and the reproductive systems. He fell into some errors by generalizing too extensively, without a sufficient knowledge of minor facts, and these errors have deterred his followers from pursuing the same course. His Recherches sur la vie et la mort contains the germs of a revolution in the study of anatomy and physiology, but its defective definitions and manifest errors have caused them to be overlooked. The same idea runs through all his works, and that is the distinction between conscious and unconscious bodily life and motion. BICHE DE MAR. See SEA CUCUMBER. BICKANEER, or Beykaneer. I. A native state of N. W. Hindostan, in Rajpootana, between lat. 27° 30′ and 29° 55′ N. and lon. 72° 30' and 75° 40′ E.; area, 17,676 sq. m.; pop. about 540,000. Its length from E. to W. is 200 m., breadth about 160 m. The surface is flat, sandy, and arid, and the only products are various kinds of pulse, raised by irrigation. The only exports are horses and cattle of an inferior kind. The climate presents extraordinary extremes of temperature according as the sun is above or below the horizon. The Rajpoots are the predominant race, but the majority of the population are Jauts. Bickaneer was admitted under British protection in 1818. II. A fortified town, capital of the state, 240 m. W. by S. of Delhi; pop. about 60,000. It is situated in a desolate tract, and is surrounded by a wall 34 m. in circumference, with numerous round towers and battlements. There are some elevated buildings and temples, and a citadel surrounded by a wall 30 ft. high, containing the residence of the rajah; but most of the dwellings are mere huts with mud walls painted red. BICKERSTAFF, Isaac, a British dramatist, born in Ireland about 1735, supposed to have died on the continent late in the 18th or early in the 19th century. After having been one of the pages of Lord Chesterfield at the viceregal court of Dublin, he received a commission in the marines, in which service he was lieutenant when compelled to retire in disgrace. He wrote numerous comedies and comic operas, which were produced under Garrick's management, and were at one time very popular. His best known pieces are "The Maid of the Mill," "The Captive," "Love in a Village," ," "The Padlock," and the comedy of "The Hypocrite." BICKERSTETH. I. Edward, an English clergyman, born at Kirkby Lonsdale, March 19, 1786, died at Watton, Feb. 24, 1850. He was for several years a post office clerk in London, till in 1812 he began business as a solicitor in Norwich. Here he became interested in religious and benevolent movements, and was ordained in 1815 as a deacon in the established church. He was sent in 1816 to Africa to reorganize the stations of the church missionary society, and during the next 15 years he was secretary and chief acting officer of that society. In 1830 he resigned this position and became rector of Watton, Hertfordshire. He belonged to the evangelical section of the established church. His most popular manual, "The Scripture Help," has been translated into French and other languages, and reached a sale of over 150,000 copies. A uniform edition of his principal works was published in 17 vols. in 1853, and there are 5 vols. more of his smaller publications. See "Memoir of the Rev. Edward Bickersteth," by T. R. Birks (2 vols., 1851). II. Henry, Lord Langdale, an English lawyer, brother of the preceding, born June 18, 1783, died at Tunbridge Wells, April 18, 1851. He served an apprenticeship to his father, who was a surgeon and apothecary, after which he travelled on the continent as medical attendant to the earl of Oxford, subsequently studied law, and rose to eminence in the courts of equity. He was appointed master of the rolls and raised to the peerage in 1836 as Lord Langdale. As he died childless, the title became extinct. His widow, sister of the earl of Oxford, was licensed in 1853 to assume her family name of Harley, and died Sept. 1, 1872. III. Edward, an English clergyman, nephew of the preceding, born at Acton, Suffolk, in 1814. After holding various ecclesiastical positions, he became in 1853 vicar of Aylesbury and archdeacon of Buckingham. In December, 1868, he was elected for the third time prolocutor at the convocation of Canterbury, and he is a member of the committee appointed for the revision of the New Testament. His charges at his different visitations between 1855 and 1870, as well as many of his sermons, have been published. IV. Robert, an English prelate, brother of the preceding, born at Acton, Aug. 24, 1816. He is a graduate of Queen's college, Cambridge, and has been successively curate at Sapcote (1841), at Reading (1843-4), Clapham (1845), rector of St. Giles in the Fields (1851), and canon residentiary of Salisbury (1854). In 1856 he was appointed bishop of Ripon. His publications include "Bible Landmarks" (1850), "Lent Lectures, Means of Grace" (1851), "Sermons" (1 vol., 1866), and charges delivered to the clergy of his diocese. V. Edward Henry, an English clergyman and poet, son of Edward Bickersteth, rector of Watton, born in London, Jan. 25, 1825. He studied at Trinity college, Cambridge, and became curate at Birmingham in 1848, and at Tunbridge Wells in 1852. In the same year he was appointed rector of Hinton Martell, Dorsetshire; in 1855 vicar of Christchurch, Hampstead; and since 1861 he has been the private chaplain of his relative, the bishop of Ripon. His publications include "Poems" (1848); "The Rock of Ages" (1858); "Yesterday, To-day, and For Ever," a poem in 12 books (1866); and “The Two Brothers, and other Poems" (1871). BIDASSOA, a river of Spain, 45 m. long, the last 12 m. forming the boundary between. France and Spain. It rises in Navarre, and falls into the bay of Biscay near Fuenterrabia, watering the Bastan and other beautiful valleys. The river is locally called Bastan Zubi in the upper part of its course, the name of Bidassoa being generally applied to it only after its entrance into the valley of San Esteban. It has many small affluents. Near Irun, where the French had a tête-de-pont constructed in 1813, is the Pheasants' island, a sort of neutral ground, also called the Conference island from the many Franco-Spanish conferences held there. The treaty of the Pyrenees was negotiated at this place in 1659. The Spanish crossed the Bidassoa thrice in 1793, defeating the French, who in July were finally victorious. A French army of 16,000 men under Soult was defeated on the banks of the Bidassoa at San Marcial, Aug. 31, 1813, by 8,000 British and Spanish troops under Wellington. On Oct. 7 of the same year Wellington drove the French from their strong intrenchments at the same point. BIDDEFORD, a city of York county, Maine, on the Saco river, at the falls, 6 m. from its mouth and opposite the town of Saco, with which it is connected by a bridge 500 ft. long; pop. in 1870, 10,285. The water power is excellent and inexhaustible, the fall being 42 feet. About a dozen cotton mills, situated on both |