The CITATIONS are such as either directly define, or illustrate the definition. 2. The number of the more ELEMENTARY TERMS has been increased, with a view to the difficulties encountered by the learner. 3. The illustrations of the ANCIENT Philosophy, the basis of all real thinking, have been multiplied; additions have been made to the terms of the MEDIEVAL Philosophy, which still lives in the thinking and phrase of all the Occidental systems, and forms the very staple of some of the most widely received of them. The GREEK and LATIN terminology is presented both in its alphabetical place, where it is still retained in common use, and in its parallelism with English words. The FRENCH, with its terminology, the BRITISH and AMERICAN philosophical literature have been more largely drawn on. The most important terms of the ORIENTAL systems have also been introduced. 4. HISTORICAL MATERIALS, illustrative of the rise, growth, and fluctuations of meaning are furnished in the case of terms which need such a treatment. 5. The more important PHRASES and COMBINATIONS of terms, and the GENERIC TERMS which mark the particular systems, are given. 6. The most noticeable weakness of Prof. Fleming's work is in GERMAN PHILOSOPHY, that philosophy which at this hour is exciting beyond any other the attention of the thinking world. In the "Vocabulary of the Philosophical Sciences," the most important distinctive terms of German philosophy are given in German at their alphabetical place. Its peculiarities in connection with these and with the common terms are illustrated in translations from the greatest German philosophers, especially from the time of Kant to the later and latest dates. The views of a number of writers of great distinction are introduced, in this volume, to the English reader for the first time. The citations are carefully selected with reference to their direct value in DEFINING words and things, and winnowed from what is irrelevant to that aim. 7. Nothing in the same compass is of more service than carefully arranged TABULAR VIEWS. In these, this work will be found very rich. In the same line of usefulness are OUTLINES of the great epoch-making works, and of these there is a number. The various parts of the philosophical sciences and of their literature are CLASSIFIED. 8. The BIBLIOGRAPHICAL references are copious. The work is an INDEX-in some cases almost a CONCORDANCE- of much of the most important philosophical literature. 9. The whole character of the work is OBJECTIVE. It is designed to furnish impartial information in regard to all schools of thought. It is not meant, except as simple statements of truth may tend either way, for the defence of any system, however good, or the exposure of any system, however bad; but for the definition of the terms, general and particular, of all systems. 10. Its aim, in brief, is to furnish an INDISPENSABLE to the learner, a CONVENIENCE to the scholar. III. The NECESSARY LIMITATIONS involved in the plan of the work must not be forgotten by the reader. 1. It is a VOCABULARY, NOT AN ENCYCLOPÆDIA. Its object is to define terms. This indeed often involves the history of terms and illustrations of their use. The definition of the word cannot be separated from the definition of the thing. A great deal, therefore, of the most important MATTER of Philosophy is involved in the plan, but only as it is connected with DEFI NITION. 2. It is essential to facility in use, and to moderateness in price, that its BULK should not be excessive. The author has endeavored to keep the book from undue dimensions, not by omitting anything which he thought should be in it, but by careful avoid ance of superfluous matter; by economizing in space; by selecting a smaller type, where it could be employed with advantage; and by using the initial of the word defined where it recurs in the article. IV. THE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS of the Author are due to Professor Robert Ellis Thompson, the Librarian of the University of Pennsylvania: first, for the judicious selection of philosophical works made by him for the Library; and secondly, for the facilities rendered by him in the use of that Library, and of his own, as well as for varied information derived from his large and thoughtful reading. The Author's thanks are also due to the Philadelphia Library, and to its courteous and intelligent librarians. For letters of sympathy with his work, and of friendly and useful suggestion, he is indebted to Professors Thos. G. Apple, P. E. Chase, T. S. Doolittle, and E. V. Gerhart; to Presidents J. W. Nevin, S. S. Sprecher, and M. Valentine; to Hon. W. T. Harris, editor of the Journal of Speculative Philosophy, and to Hon. Furman Sheppard, who, known to the world as one of our most distinguished jurists, is also one of our ripcst philosophical scholars and thinkers. V. THE SOURCES AND AIDS which have been employed by the writer will be found fully indicated at the particular articles. Having a working acquaintance with the languages which are the main repositories of philosophical thought, he hopes that the book will bring with it evidence that the rich stores within his reach have not been regarded ungratefully nor used carelessly. CHARLES P. KRAUTH. PHILADELPHIA, June 23, 1877. INTRODUCTION BY THE EDITOR. Ir will, we think, be conceded by all who are familiar with philosophical writings, that there has never been gathered in our language in that department a fund of thought and of information which within as small a compass presents more that is valuable than we find in the Vocabulary of Philosophy by Professor Fleming. Jean Paul tells us that he never took up a book, the title of which excited extraordinary anticipation, without finding that he was destined to disappointment. It may safely be affirmed, on the other hand, that where the modesty of a title is unfeigned, the book, if it disappoint us at all, disappoints us agreeably. Of this class is the Vocabulary of Philosophy. It is much more than the title promises, for it illustrates the matter of philosophy as well as its terms. It gives incidentally a great deal of the history of philosophy, and notices its literature on the leading subjects. It is to a large extent made up of the very words of the most distinguished philosophical writers, and thus becomes a guide to their opinions and to the most important portions of their works. Professor Fleming has not laboured single-handed, but has in this way drawn into his service, as co-workers, many of the greatest xii minds of all lands and of all time. It is true everywhere, and especially in the philosophical sciences, that the knowledge of words is, to a large extent, the knowledge of things. To grasp the full meaning of a term, we must ofttimes not only have a definition of it, but we must trace its history—and to know its history, we must know the views of the men who employed it, and the circumstances under which those views were formed and expressed; for the history of words is the history of the world. A Vocabulary with this large aim would be in fact a dictionary or Cyclopædia of subjects and of authors. A Vocabulary, on the other hand, in the strictest sense, would simply give us terins and a definition of them. Professor Fleming's book is midway between these classes. It rises as far above the second class, as from its compactness and the nature of its design it necessarily comes short of the first. In the Preface to the Second Edition, however, a conditional promise is given that he may attempt such a work as the first would be. We hope that the author may be encouraged to carry out his purpose, and that in conjunction with the best philosophical thinkers in our language, he may give us what is so much needed a Cyclopædial Dictionary of the Philosophical Sciences, and of their literature and history. The Editor, at the request of the Publishers, consented to make the effort to render the Vocabulary of Philosophy still more useful, so far as the very brief time of the passage of the work through the press would allow him. To have made additions to the text of a living author he would have considered an unwarranted liberty; and, apart from this consideration, such additions are really not needed, nor would they be consistent with the plan and purpose of the book, to both which compactness is indispensable. To have made the book a large |