quired. Purchacia is common in old legal documents, and is the origin of the obsolete French word pourchasser (perchauchare); which has nothing whatever to do with chasser, to chase or hunt. Pourchas, in old French, signifies labour, and suggests the derivation which involves labour as the price paid in the acquisition of land, &c. This idea of purchase, as founded on labour, is in unison with the meaning of purchase. Whence it signifies a point for a lever to act upon, or the power which hence ensues, as in these words :

"A politician, to do great things, looks for a power, which our workmen call a purchase, and if he finds that power in politics as in mechanics, he cannot be at a loss to apply it."-Burke.

Proto, of Greek origin (protos, first), occurs in protomartyr (martys, a witness), the first witness or martyr: applied to Stephen, in church history.

"With Hampden firm assertor of her laws,

And protomartyr in the glorious cause."

Boyse.

Also in prototype. We have already had antitype, and archetype, here we have prototype, which means the first or original form or model.

Pseudo, of Greek origin (pseudos, a falsehood), signifies what is not genuine, false; as, pseudo-prophet, a false prophet.

"Out of a more tenacious cling to worldly respects, he stands up for all the rest to justify a long usurpation and convicted pseudepiscopacy (episcopos, Gr. a bishop), of prelates."-Milton.

Pusill, of Latin origin, comes from pusillus (little) or pupillus (E.R. pupil), the diminutive form of pusus or pupus, a boy (pupa, a girl), which is the source of our word puppet, in the French poupée, a baby, a doll. Pusill is found in union with animus, mind, forming pusil animous, small in mind, applied particularly to a want of spirit or courage.

Putri, of Latin origin (putris, rotten, E.R. putrid), enters into the composition of a class of words, namely, putrefy (facio, Lat. I make), putrefaction, putrescent, putrescence, &c.

"It is such light as putrefaction breeds

In fly-blown flesh, whereon the maggot feeds,
Shines in the dark, but usher'd into day,
The stench remains, the lustre dies away."

EXERCISES FOR PARSING.

Cowper.

April is come. The birds sing. The trees are in blossom. The flowers are coming out. The sun shines. Now it rains. It rains and the sun shines. There is a rainbow. Oh what fine colours! I cannot catch the rainbow. The rainbow is going away. It fades. It is quite gone. I hear the cuckoo. It is August. Let us go into the corn-fields. Is the corn ripe? This is a grain of corn. This is an ear of corn. This stalk makes straw. Now the corn must be tied up in sheaves.

EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION.

HISTORICAL THEME.

Moses is taken into Pharaoh's palace.

Write and carefully correct an account of the last sermon or speech you heard.

Quadr, quadra, of Latin origin (quatuor, four), is found in quadrangle, four-angled; quadruped (pes, Lat. a foot), four-footed; quadruple (plica, Lat. a fold), fourfold; also quater, as in quaternion (quaternio, the number four), &c.

"Aire and ye elements, the eldest birth

Of Nature's womb, that in quaternion run,
Perpetual circle, multiform; and mix
And nourish all things."

Milton, "Paradise Lost."

The four elements of the ancients were fire, air, earth, and water.

"I have chosen to write my poem (annus mirabilis) in quatrains or stanzas of four in alternate rhyme, because I have ever judged them more noble and of greater dignity both for the sound and number than any other verse in use amongst us."-Dryden.

Quinque (quint), Latin, five, occurs in quinquennial (annus, Lat. a year), happening every five years; in quintessence (essentia, Lat. essence); and in quintuple, fivefold.

"Aristoteles of Stagira hath put down for principles these three, to wit, a certain forme called entelechia, matter, [and] privation: for elements, four; and for a fifth, quintessence, the heavenly body which is immutable."-Holland," Plutarch."

Re (red), of Latin origin, primarily signifies back, backward (and has nothing to do with ere, nor does it mean before, as Richardson states, as return, to turn back; hence opposition, as resist, to stand against; also repetition, as revive, to live again; reform, to make again.

Re, denoting back :

"To desire there were no God were plainly to unwish their own being, which must needs be annihilated in the subtraction of that essence which substantially supported them, and restrains them from regression into nothing."-Browne, "Vulgar Farors."

Re, denoting opposition :-

"To this sweet voyce a dainty musique fitted

Its well-tuned strings, and to her notes consorted;
And while with skilful voice the song she dittied,
The blabbing echo had her words retorted."

Spenser.

Re, d noting repetition, as in rehearse, recapitulate, remove, &c :

"The land of silence and of death
Attends my next remove."

Watts.

Re sometimes merely strengthens the word, as in receive, reception (capio, Lat. I take); and recommend (mando, from manus, a hand; and do, I give).

Rect, of Latin origin (rectus, straight), appears in rectify (facio, Lat. I make), to make straight; in rectangular (angulus, Lat. a corner), right-angled; rectilinear (linea, Lat. a line), straight-lined; and rectitude, uprightness.

Retro, Latin, backward, as in retrogradation (gradior, Lat. I walk), going backward. It is found, also, in retroactive (ago, Lat. I do, act), acting in a backward direction :

Irmick +371 of Poetry."

and in wygetraon, the seven

Sept, of Latin rig sean, ara, agents in sentemmial (annus), secara te i 21

stars; the great Bear: Chucks's all, the m

- Thu 27 38 myeste to every good

As the anmodes are mal u8.
Or as the Such a the Senctarian.

Sex, Latin, siis fumi in strangular, six-angled; serennial, every six years; sestaglie, sitkeä; seragemary, threescore, &c.

These are the seraguury fur ces, wha, whether they were handsome or not in the last ountry, ought at least in this to reduce themselves to a decency of dress suitable to their years.”—Chesterfield, “Common Sense,"

Soli, of Latin origin solos, e, is seen in soliloquy (loquor, Lat. I speak), speaking tùnt, being the only speaker; called also a monologue; and in refidian (fides, Lat. faith, one who supposes faith, and not works, air necessary to justification.

"Such is the persuasion of the Solips, that all religion consists in believing aright.”—Henwood,

Step, of Saxon origin, from scopan, to bereave, whence the Anglo-Saxon steep-cild, step-child, a child that is deprived of a parent. From this use the term steep or step was applied to relatives that stood in a similar position, and thus we have steopmodor, a step-mother; stoop-dohter, step-daughter; steop-faeder, step-father; steop-sunn, step-son.

Sub, in Latin, under, as in subterranean (terra, Lat, the earth), under the earth; submersion (mergo, Lat. I dip), dipping; subscribe (scribo, Lat. I write), to write the name under a document. Sub may denote an inferior degree of the quality of the adjective to which it is prefixed, as sub-acid; sub-deacon, an under-deacon (diakonos, Gr. a servant). Sub becomes sue in succession, succeed,

succinct, succumb, &c.

Suf, in sufficient, suffuse, suffocate, suffragan, &c.
Sug, in suggest, suggestion, &c.

Sus.

Sup.

Sur.

Sus.

"Summons is a warning to appear in court at the return of the original writ, given to the defendant by two of the sheriff's messengers called summoners."--Blackstone, "Commentaries."

“The thing seemed not supportable to the noble prince, King Henry the Eighth.”—Smith, "Commonwealth."

"This impulse is the emotion or term surprise.”—Cogan, “On the Passions."

"It hopith alle things, it susteṛmeth alle things.”—Wiclif, 66 Testament," 1 Cor. xiii. 7.

Subter, meaning under, is sub in another form, and appears in subterfuge (fuga, Lat. flight), an evasion.

"The last is rather a subterfuge than an objection."-More, " Immortality of the Soul."

Super, of Latin origin, the opposite of sub, signifies over, above, as in supernatural, above nature; supermundane, above the world; supervision (video, Lat. I see), overlooking.

"If a grammatical foundation be not laid deep at an early age, it will not often be laid in such a manner as to bear a large superstructure. -Knox.

Sur, a French abbreviation of super, appears in surcharge, an overcharge, an additional charge; in surcoat, an overcoat; in surtout, literally an overall (tout, Fr. all); in surfeit (faire, Fr. to do), an over-doing; that is, eating too much.

"There are various degrees of strength in judgments, from the lowest surmise to notion, opinion, persuasion, and the highest assurance which we call certainty."-Search, "Light of Nature.'

Syn, of Greek origin (syn, with), occurs in the forms syl, sym; syn; as in syllogism, symphonious, synchronous, &c.

"Men have endeavoured to transforme logick, or the art of reasoning, into a sort of mechanism, and to teach boys to syllogise, or frame arguments and refute them, without any real inward knowledge of the question."-Watts, "Logick."

"Up he rode,

Follow'd with acclamation and the sound

Symphonious of ten thousand harps that tuned

Angelic harmonies."

Milton, "Paradise Lost."

"Sensations are impressed either at the same instant of time, or in contiguous successive instants. Hence it follows that the corresponding associations are either synchronous or successive."-Belsham, "Philosophy of the Mind."

Tetra, of Greek origin, signifying four, appears in tetragonal, four-angled; tetrameter, a line consisting of four measures or feet; and in tetrarch, properly a governor of a fourth part, a subordinate prince.

"And Eroude tetrarck herde alle thingis that weren don of him.”— Wiclif, "Testament," Luke ix. 7.

Trans, in Latin, across, as in transpose, to put across from one place to another; transport, to carry over the sea.

66

Withtransport views the airy rule his own,
And swells on an imaginary throne."

Pope.

Tri, of Latin origin (tres, tres, tria, three), appears in triangle ; trident (dens, Lat. a tooth), Neptune's sceptre; in trilateral (latus, Lat. a side), three-sided, and triliteral, having three letters, &c.

"When a county is divided into three of these intermediate jurisdictions, they are called trithings. These trithings still subsist in the county of York, where, by an easy corruption, they are denominated ridings-the north, the east, and the west riding.”—Blackstone, "Commentaries.

"

Vice, of Latin origin, signifying in the place of, as in vicegerent (gero, Lat. I bear), one governing as a substitute, viceroy, or "viceking," see Hackluyt; also, vicechancellor, vicepresident.

"In the yeare 1228, one Reginald was viceroy, or petie king of Man."-Holinshed.

Vicar (Lat. vicarius), comes from vice, and so denotes one who is in the place of another, hence a "vicarious sacrifice." How strange that Richardson, in his Dictionary, should have given out the idea that vicar could come from vix (with difficulty)," one to perform a work of difficulty."

"Nature, the vicare of the Almighty Lord,

That hote, colde, hevie, light, moist, and drie
Hath knit, by even number of accord,

In easie voice, began to speak and say."

Chaucer.

"Then it was devised that, by their common seal (which is the tongue of their corporation), they might appoint a deputy or vicar to do it for them."-Spelman, "On Tythes."

Viscount is made up of the same prefix; that is, vice; and comes, Lat. a companion, in low Latin count or earl; so that viscount (pronounced vi'count) is the deputy, the lieutenant of the count or earl.

"The viscont, called either procomes or vicecomes, in time past, governed in the countie under the earle, but now without any such service or office; it is also become a name of dignity next after the earle, and in degree before the baron."-Holinshed, "Description of England."

Ultra, of Latin origin (ultra, beyond), is used in ultramarine (mare, Lat. the sea), properly beyond the sea; applied to colour, fine blue.

"Ultramarine or azure is a very light and a very sweet colour."— Dryden, "On Painting."

The blue colouring matter of the lapis-lazuli, or azure stone.

Vivi (Latin, vivus, alive) appears in vivify, to make alive; and in iviparous (pario, Lat. I bring forth), bearing (its young) alive. "The usual distinction of animals, with respect to their manner of generation, has been into the oviparous (ovum, Lat. an egg) and viviparous kinds; or, in other words, into those that bring an egg, which is afterwards hatched into life; and those that bring forth their young alive and perfect."---Goldsmith, “ Animated Nature."

Un, of Saxon origin, not, reverses the meaning of the word to which it is prefixed, as unnatural, not natural, the opposite of natural.