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PREFACE.

THIS volume was announced as in press several months ago. Unavoidable circumstances have postponed its publication until now. The author trusts, however, that the public have been gainers by the delay.

He has endeavored to consult every accessible source of information that could serve to illustrate the character of the men whose lives he has undertaken to write; or throw light upon the times in which they acted. He need not say to the student of American history, that the American Archives, by Mr. Peter Force, are an invaluable repository of authentic documents; that they let in a flood of light upon the obscure passages of our history, and upon the characters of our public men. He is happy to acknowledge that he is greatly indebted to that work for any value that may be ascribed to his own.

He is also, in common with his countrymen, under great obligations to the unwearied industry and acknowledged abilities of Mr. Jared Sparks. His researches have been of incalculable service to historical science. The notes appended to the writings of Washington and Franklin elucidate whatever is of public or private interest, during the period over which those writings extend, and to which they relate. To say nothing of

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the other numerous and valuable works which bear his name, those notes and illustrations alone would insure to Mr. Sparks a durable fame.

The author's particular thanks are due to Mr. William Jay for the polite manner with which he submitted to his use his own labors, together with the important testimony of Lord St. Helen's, respecting the negotiations at Paris, in 1782 and 1783.

He must also express his obligations to those of the descendants of Rutledge, who have been so good as to put him in possession of facts, elsewhere unattainable, respecting their distinguished ancestor. He has thus been enabled to elucidate passages of his life that have hitherto rested in fable.

To those of his friends, who have either supplied him with new facts, or pointed out new sources of information, he begs, in this public manner, to return his sincere thanks. He would do injustice to his own feelings, did he fail to mention, in this connection, Mr. Lloyd P. Smith, of the Library Company of Philadelphia. He has, with unfailing politeness, assisted the author's researches, and given him the full benefit of his extensive bibliographical knowledge.

It has been the author's careful endeavor to state facts with precision, and suppress or extenuate nothing that the public were entitled to know. He trusts that the day has passed when exaggeration can supply the place of truth, and empty eulogy take the place of authentic information. It is believed that the reader will find in the following pages the political history of his country fairly related, and the character of its public men delineated without improper bias.

His Political Career- Political state of the Colonies in 1774 - Boston

Port-Bill-Effect of, upon the Colonies-Views of Jay-His Charac-

ter-Proceedings in New York-Isaac Sears-Alexander M'Dou-

gall-Committee of Fifty-one appointed-Sons of Liberty-Minis-

terial Party elated at the appointment of the Committee-Colden's

Letter to the Earl of Dartmouth-Rivington's Letter to Henry Knox

-Letter of Gouverneur Morris to Mr. Penn- The Mob begins to

think and to reason'-Jay a Member of the Committee of Fifty-one

-Favors Moderate Courses-The Committee propose a Congress-

Letter to the Boston Committee written by Jay-Sentiments of the

New York Merchants - Sentiments of the Mass of the Citizens-

Non-importation and Non-exportation favored by the Sons of

Liberty; not favored by the Committee - Religious Differences in

New York-Candidates nominated for Congress-Jay one of the

nominees Colden's account of the great meeting in the fields-

M'Dougall presides-Alexander Hamilton addresses the people-

His History; his Speech; his Character-The Committee of Fifty-

one disavow the meeting in the fields-Rupture in the Committee

-Publish Resolutions-Jay not constant in his attendance upon

the Committee-Position well understood-Resolutions of the Com-

mittee not well received-John Morin Scott-John Adams' Visit

to Scott-Scott denounces the Resolutions of the Committee-Pro-

ceedings of the people - Jay elected to the Congress - His Views

respecting Non-importation - Changes of Opinion do not always

involve Inconsistency-Colden pleased that violent Delegates were

not elected to Congress - Massachusetts Delegates arrive in New

York-John Adams - His Character - Adams and M'Dougall

breakfast with John Morin Scott - M'Dougall's Description of

Parties in New York-Adams' Description of the New York Dele-

gates to the Congress - Not favorably impressed with New York

Society...

The Congress of 1774-Assembles at the Carpenter's Hall in Philadel-

phia-Delegates from New York and Pennsylvania prefer the State-

House-Peyton Randolph chosen President, and Charles Thomson,

Secretary-Thomson the Samuel Adams of Philadelphia-Jay,

next to Edward Rutledge, youngest member of the Congress.

Takes a leading part - His Views - Opposed to Independence —

John Adams in advance of Public Opinion - Adams' Description

of John Dickinson-Jay firm in his Opinions-Sectarian Feelings

at the era of the Revolution-Cause of-Grahame the Historian-

Jay opposes the opening of Congress with Prayer-His Reasons-

Samuel Adams could hear a prayer from a gentleman of piety and

virtue-Proposes Mr. Duché-Mr. Duché reads Prayers- Struck

out into an extempore Prayer'-John Adams' account of-Washing-

ton only member who kneels-Character of Duché-Diversity in

the Congress of 1774-Cause of-Jay participates in the Debates-

Views respecting the method of Voting-Patrick Henry's Speech

-- His sentiments respecting Declaration of Independence — Jay

replies to Henry--Only an abstract of the discussions preserved―

One of the Committee appointed to state the Rights of the Colonies

-Jay's sentiments respecting Emigration and Allegiance - The

Doctrine of Allegiance - Report of the Committee -- R. H. Lee

makes a motion for Non-importation-Exaggerated notions respect-

ing importance of-Effect of suspending Trade upon an Agricul-

tural people-Jay's Opinions-Galloway's Plan of Adjustment-

Sketch of Galloway-Particulars of his Plan-His Speech; Duane's;

Lee's; Jay's - Patrick Henry denounces Galloway's Plan-His

Opinion of Jay and the Rutledges-Committee to prepare an Ad-

dress to the people of Great Britain - Written by Jay - Extracts

from-Difficulties between Jay and R. H. Lee respecting-Causes

of-Wirt's account of the Address to people of Great Britain-

His account of the Petition to the King-Lee more eminent for

Oratory than Authorship - Whether Oratory and Authorship are

incompatible-Burke cited as an Example-Jefferson's Anecdote

of Lee and Jay-Congress adjourns-Eulogy upon by Lord Chat-

ham..
81-122

Proceedings in New York-Hopes of the Ministry respecting the New
York Delegates-Said to have been bribed-Falsity of the charge
proved by the Event-Opinion in New York of Address to people
of Great Britain-Jay one of a new Committee appointed in New
York Conduct of New York Merchants - Recommendations of
Congress obeyed - Provincial Congress called-Opposition to-

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