The World Geopolitics of Drugs, 1998/1999Alain Labrousse, Laurent Laniel The other report is published by the U. S. State Department and is more "committed," but only as far as the national interest of the world's only su perpower is concerned. Therefore, the State Department report must be read while keeping in mind the state of U. S. relations with the countries concerned. This report is accompanied by the so-called "certification" process, whose ar bitrary character has often been stressed. For instance, Iran, a country whose determination to fight the drug transit on its territory is well-known - more than 100 Iranian law enforcement agents die every year as a restult - was removed from the "blacklist" of "decertified countries" in the spring of 1999, precisely as it was inaugurating a policy of opening itself to external influ ence, including that of the United States. In retrospect, this demonstrates that the U. S. government had decertified Iran in past years because it was viewed as an Islamic and terrorist country, not because of its supposed involvement in drug trafficking. Neither does the last State Department report explain why Haji Ayub Afridi, a major Pakistani drug baron, who had voluntarily surrendered to U. S. authorities, returned to Pakistan in 1999 after spending a mere three and a half years in a U. S. prison. |
Contents
GLOBAL PROBLEMS | 33 |
The modernity of tradition | 40 |
ASIA | 53 |
Analyses | 103 |
News from the Italian mafias | 111 |
Drug gateway to Europe | 117 |
Ambiguity in the fight against terrorism | 124 |
From the Amazon to the urban jungles | 133 |
Lithuania | 149 |
MAP 5 | 165 |
Country reports | 208 |
MAPS 611 | 235 |
AFRICA | 241 |
Country reports | 264 |
MAPS 1213 | 283 |
Country reports | 140 |
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Common terms and phrases
According activities addicts Afghan Afghanistan American amphetamine antidrug Argentina arms arrested Asia authorities ayahuasca bank base paste Bolivia border Burma Burmese campaign cannabis cartel Central coca cocaine cocaleros Colombian consumer corruption countries criminal organizations dealers drug control drug money drug trade drug trafficking economic especially estimated ethnic Europe exported FARC former gangs grams groups guerrillas hashish hectares heroin illegal illicit India involved kg of heroin khat kilo kilograms law enforcement leader Lesotho mafia manufactured marijuana Menem metric tons Mexican Mexico military million minister money laundering narcotics networks Nigerian offshore OGD correspondent operation opium organized crime Pakistan Peru political poppy crops port President prison production province region route Russia Santo Daime seized seizures Shao Kang shipped smuggling South Africa Spain synthetic drugs Taliban Thailand tons of cocaine transit Trinidad Turkey Turkish UNDCP United Venezuela war on drugs Wei Shao