risdiction prior to January 2, 1947, was embraced within the committee's jurisdiction as stated in existing rules and precedents.

The committee's membership, which was fixed at 21 when it was consolidated on December 5, 1927, was increased to 25 when the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 became effective on January 2, 1947. In 1951, the committee's membership was increased to 27.7 From 1953 until January 1963, the committee's membership remained at 30.8

Pursuant to H. Res. 108, 88th Congress, adopted January 17, 1963, the committee was enlarged to 31 members. In the 89th Congress the membership of the committee was increased to 34 through passage of H. Res. 114, January 14, 1965. The committee membership in the 90th and 91st Congresses of 35 was first established by H. Res. 128, 90th Congress, approved January 16, 1967. The committee membership in the 92d Congress of 39 was established by H. Res. 192, approved February 4, 1971. It was raised to 41 by H. Res. 158, adopted January 24, 1973. The committee membership of 42 was established by H. Res. 1238, adopted July 17, 1974. It was increased to 43 by H. Res. 76 and 101, adopted January 20 and 28, 1975. Membership was maintained at 43 in the 95th Congress by H. Res. 117 and 118, adopted January 19, 1977. The committee membership was set at 39 in the 96th Congress by H. Res. 62 and 63, adopted January 24, 1979. The committee membership was set at 40 in the 97th Congress by H. Res. 44 and 45, adopted January 28, 1981. The committee size was increased to 41 by the adoption of H. Res. 370 on February 24, 1982. Pursuant to House Res. 26 and 27, adopted January 6, 1983, the committee membership for the 98th Congress was set at 39.

In the 99th Congress, the membership of the committee was set at 39, pursuant to House Res. 34 and 35, adopted January 30, 1985.

In the 100th Congress, the membership of the committee was set at 39, pursuant to House Res. 45 and 54, adopted January 21 and 22, 1987, respectively.

The committee membership in the 101st Congress was established at 39 by H. Res. 29 and H. Res. 45, adopted January 19 and 20, 1989. In the 102d Congress, the membership of the committee was set at 41, pursuant to H. Res. 43, 44, and 45, adopted January 24, 1991. The committee membership was set at 42 in the 103d Congress by adoption of H. Res. 8 and 9 on January 5, 1993; H. Res. 34 on January 21, 1993; H. Res. 67 on February 4, 1993; and H. Res. 92 and 93 on February 18, 1993. The membership was increased to 44 by the adoption of H. Res. 185 on May 26, 1993 and H. Res. 219 on July 21, 1993. Beginning September 28, 1949, the moneys appropriated to the committee were, by House resolution in each session of Congress, available for expenses incurred in conducting studies and investigations authorized under Rule XI, whether made within or without the United States.9 In the 103d

7H. Res. 60, 83d Congress, 1st session (97 Cong. Rec. 184).

8H. Res. 98, 83d Cong. (99 Cong. Rec. 436); H. Res. 94, 84th Cong. (101 Cong. Rec. 484); H. Res. 89, 85th Cong. (103 Cong. Rec. 412); H. Res. 120, 86th Cong. (105 Cong. Rec. 841); H. Res. 137, 87th Cong. (107 Cong. Rec. 1677).

See items under (1) in footnote 3, of the final calendar of the committee for the 93d Congress (Dec. 31, 1974).

Congress, these matters are covered in paragraph (b) of clause 1 of Rule XI, as set forth above and by clause 5 of Rule XI. The funds for the committee's studies and oversight function during the first session of the 103d Congress were provided by H. Res. 107 adopted March 30, 1993 (H. Rept. 103-38) and by H. Res. 369, adopted March 22, 1994 (H. Rept. 103-433), for the second session.

The committee's name was changed to "Committee on Government Operations" by House resolution adopted July 3, 1952.10 The Congressional Record indicates the reasons underlying that change in name were, in part, as follows: 11

This committee is proposing the indicated change in the present title, in view of the fact that it is misleading and the committees' functions and duties are generally misunderstood by the public.

*

In suggesting the proposed change the committee based its decision on what it considers to be the major or primary function of the committee under the prescribed duties assigned to it to study "the operations of Government activities at all levels with a view to determining its economy and efficiency." It was the unanimous view of the members of the committee that the proposed new title would be more accurate in defining the purposes for which the committee was created and in clearly establishing the major purpose it serves.

10 H. Res. 647, 82d Cong. (98 Cong. Rec. 9217). The Senate had made a similar change of name on Mar. 3, 1952, after conference between the chairman of the House and Senate Committees on Expenditures in the Executive Departments to ensure both Houses would adopt the change in name. S. Res. 280, 82d Cong. (98 Cong. Rec. 1701-1702). See also S. Rept. No. 1231, 80th Congress, 2d Session, p. 3 (May 3, 1948).

11 Letter of Feb. 19, 1952, from the chairman, Senate Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, Senator McCellan to Senator Hayden (98 Cong. Rec. 1702).

III. Organization

A. SUBCOMMITTEES 12

In order to perform its functions and to carry out its duties as fully and as effectively as possible, the committee under the leadership of its chairman, the Honorable John Conyers, Jr., of Michigan, at the beginning of the 103d Congress, established six standing subcommittees, which cover the entire field of executive expenditures and operations. The names, chairpersons, and members of these subcommittees are as follows:

Legislation and National Security Subcommittee, John Conyers, Jr., Chairman; members: Cardiss Collins, Stephen L. Neal, Carolyn B. Maloney, Tom Lantos, Corrine Brown, (vacancy), Al McCandless, William F. Clinger, Jr., Jon L. Kyl, and Dick Zimmer.

Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee, Mike Synar, Chairman; members: Karen L. Thurman, Carolyn B. Maloney, James A. Hayes, Craig A. Washington, Edolphus Towns, J. Dennis Hastert, John M. McHugh, Deborah Pryce, John L. Mica, and Bernard Sanders.

Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee, Edolphus Towns, Chairman; members: Henry A. Waxman, Thomas M. Barrett, Donald M. Payne, Craig A. Washington, Steven Schiff, John L. Mica, Rob Portman, and Bernard Sanders.

Commerce, Consumer, and Monetary Affairs Subcommittee, John M. Spratt, Jr., Chairman; members: Bobby L. Rush, Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky, Barbara-Rose Collins, Gene Green, Christopher Cox, Christopher Shays, and Stephen Horn.

Information, Justice, Transportation, and Agriculture Subcommittee, Gary A. Condit, Chairman; members: Major R. Owens, Karen L. Thurman, Lynn C. Woolsey, Bart Stupak, Craig Thomas, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, and Stephen Horn.

Employment, Housing, and Aviation Subcommittee, Collin C. Peterson, Chairman; members: Tom Lantos, Bobby L. Rush, Floyd H. Flake, Karen L. Thurman, Barbara-Rose Collins, William H. Zeliff, Jr., Christopher Shays, John M. McHugh, and Frank D. Lucas.

B. RULES OF THE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT

OPERATIONS

Rule XI, 1(a)(1) of the House of Representatives provides:

The Rules of the House are the rules of its committees and subcommittees so far as applicable, except that a motion to re

12 The chairman and the ranking minority member of the committee are ex-officio members of all subcommittees on which they do not hold a regular assignment.

cess from day to day, and a motion to dispense with the first reading (in full) of a bill or resolution, if printed copies are available, are nondebatable motions of high privilege in committees and subcommittees.

Rule XI, 2(a) of the House of Representatives provides, in part: Each standing committee of the House shall adopt written rules governing its procedures. * * *

In accordance with the foregoing, the Committee on Government Operations, on February 18, 1993, adopted the rules of the committee. The rules read as follows:

Rule 1.-Application of Rules

Except, where the terms "full committee" and "subcommittee" are specifically referred to, the following rules shall apply to the Committee on Government Operations and its subcommittees as well as to the respective chairmen.

[See House Rule XI, 1.]

Rule 2.-Meetings

The regular meetings of the full committee shall be held on the second Tuesday of each month at 10 a.m., except when Congress has adjourned. The chairman is authorized to dispense with a regular meeting or to change the date thereof, and to call and convene additional meetings, when circumstances warrant. A special meeting of the committee may be requested by members of the committee in accordance with the provisions of House Rule XI, 2(c)(2). Subcommittees shall meet at the call of the subcommittee chairmen. Every member of the committee or the appropriate subcommittee, unless prevented by unusual circumstances, shall be provided with a memorandum at least three calendar days prior to each meeting or hearing explaining (1) the purpose of the meeting or hearing; and (2) the names, titles, background and reasons for appearance of any witnesses. The minority staff shall be responsible for providing the same information on witnesses whom the minority may request.

[See House Rule XI, 2(b).]

Rule 3.-Quorums

A majority of the members of the committee shall constitute a quorum, except that two members shall constitute a quorum for taking testimony and receiving evidence, and one-third of the members shall constitute a quorum for taking any action other than the reporting of a measure or recommendation. Proxies shall not be used to establish a quorum. If the chairman is not present at any meeting of the committee or subcommittee, the ranking member of the majority party on the committee or subcommittee who is present shall preside at that meeting.

[See House Rule XI, 2(h).]

Rule 4.-Committee Reports

Bills and resolutions approved by the committee shall be reported by the chairman in accordance with House Rule XI, 2(1).

Every investigative report shall be approved by a majority vote of the committee at a meeting at which a quorum is present. Supplemental, minority, or additional views may be filed in accordance with House Rule XI, 2(1)(5). The time allowed for filing such views shall be three calendar days (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays) unless the committee agrees to a different time, but agreement on a shorter time shall require the concurrence of each member seeking to file such views. A proposed report shall not be considered in subcommittee or full committee unless the proposed report has been available to the members of such subcommittee or full committee for at least three calendar days (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays) prior to the consideration of such proposed report in subcommittee or full committee. If hearings have been held on the matter reported upon, every reasonable effort shall be made to have such hearings available to the members of the subcommittee or full committee prior to the consideration of the proposed report in such subcommittee or full committee.

Rule 5.-Proxy Votes

A member may vote by proxy on any measure or matter before the committee and on any amendment or motion pertaining thereto. A proxy shall be in writing and be signed by the member granting the proxy; it shall show the date and time of day it was signed and the date for which it is given and the member to whom the proxy is given. Each proxy authorization shall state that the member is absent on official business or is otherwise unable to be present; shall be limited to the date and the specific measure or matter to which it applies, and, unless it states otherwise, shall apply to any amendments or motions pertaining to the measure or matter.

[See House Rule XI, 2(f).]

Rule 6.-Roll Calls

A roll call of the members may be had upon the request of any member.

[See House Rule XI, 2(e).]

Rule 7.-Record of Committee Actions

The committee staff shall maintain in the committee offices a complete record of committee actions including a record of the rollcall votes taken at committee business meetings. The original records, or true copies thereof, as appropriate, shall be available for public inspection whenever the committee offices are open for public business. The staff shall assure that such original records are preserved with no unauthorized alteration, additions, or defacement.

[See House Rule XI, 2(e).]

Rule 8.-Subcommittees; Referrals

There shall be six subcommittees with appropriate party ratios which shall have fixed jurisdictions. Bills, resolutions, and other