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matter of fact, neither Byron nor Moore was particularly affected by the death of Keats.

271. One frail Form. Shelley himself. 276. Actæon-like. Actæon, in punishment for having seen Diana in the bath, was turned into a stag and torn by his own dogs.

307. What softer voice. Leigh Hunt. 485. 325. Live thou! The author of an exceptionally brutal attack on Keats in the Quarterly Review. Compare Byron's two stanzas beginning" Who killed John Keats?"

343. Peace, peace! he is not dead. With the conception of immortality set forth in the remaining stanzas one should compare Lycidas, ll. 165-185.

486. 399. Chatterton. Cf. note to Wordsworth's Resolution and Independence, 1. 43, p. 407.

401. Sidney. Died at the age of thirty

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496. The twenty-first of January is St. Agnes's Day; the evening of the twentieth is " the Eve of St. Agnes." The superstition around which the poem centers is made sufficiently clear in the course of the story. 498. 115. The holy loom, etc. On St. Agnes's day, during the celebration of the mass, two lambs might be offered to the church (cf. 1. 71). The nuns afterwards spun and wove the wool.

499. 171. Since Merlin paid his Demon, etc. Merlin, the famous wizard and prophet of Arthurian romance, was the son of a demon, and became himself the victim of magic. See Tennyson's Merlin and Vivien.

174. Tambour frame. An embroidery frame shaped like a tambour, or drum. 500. 241. Clasped like a missal, etc. Clasped probably modifies soul; in the two following lines her soul is likened to a rose that is shut. The line means, then, that her soul was clasped as tightly in sleep as a prayer-book would be by a Christian in a land of Pagans.

HYPERION

502. Keats planned to write an epic dealing with the overthrow of Saturn by Jupiter. When the poem was published in 1820, however, only two books and a fragment of a third had been written.

503. 23. There came one. Thea, sister of Hyperion.

30. Ixion's wheel. Ixion was chained for all eternity to a revolving wheel. 504. 147. The rebel three. Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto.

166. Hyperion. When the action of the poem commences, the victory of Jupiter is incomplete. Hyperion is still god of the

sun.

506. 246. Tellus. Goddess of the earth. 307. Cælus. God of the heavens.

ON FIRST LOOKING INTO CHAPMAN'S HOMER

507. George Chapman (1559?-1634) published his translation of Homer in 1598 and 1609. Keats first read it in 1816. II. Stout Cortez. Historical accuracy would compel the substitution of Balboa for Cortez.

BRIGHT STAR

508. Usually known as Keats's "last sonnet," written while he was en route to Italy.

CAMPBELL

YE MARINERS OF ENGLAND

15. Blake. Oliver Cromwell's most successful admiral. He died at sea in 1657. Nelson. The victor of Trafalgar.

MOORE

THE HARP THAT ONCE THROUGH TARA'S HALLS 509. Tara was formerly an Irish capital city.

OH, BREATHE NOT HIS NAME

The famous Irish rebel was executed in 1803 because of treasonable correspondence with Napoleon, and armed rebellion against the crown.

WOLFE

THE BURIAL OF SIR JOHN MOORE Sir John Moore, an English general in charge of an army in the Peninsular War, was shot at Corunna, Spain, in January, 1809. At his own request he was buried within the ramparts of the town.

LAMB

CHRIST'S HOSPITAL

512. The essay purports to be written by a student of Christ's Hospital who feels that Lamb's earlier essay, Recollections, etc., is too flattering an account of life at the institution.

37. Banyan... days. Days on which no meat was served.

39. Double-refined. Sugar. 44. Caro equina. Horseflesh. 513. 54. Griskin. Lean loin of pork.

62. The Tishbite. Elijah.

73. I was a poor friendless boy. True of
Coleridge, for whom Lamb is speaking in
the two paragraphs beginning here.
94. Sweet Calne in Wiltshire.
ridge's house was really at Ottery St.
Mary, Devonshire.

Cole

514. 187. Upon the leads. On the lead-covered roof.

191. Caligula's minion. A horse which Caligula named first consul.

514. 240. He ate strange flesh. See Antony and Cleopatra, I. iv. 67.

515. 316. A hypochondriac lad. True of Lamb himself.

353. Auto da fe. The name given to executions, usually by burning, under the Spanish Inquisition; literally, "act of faith."

355. "Watchet weeds." Blue uniform. 516. 378. Ultima Supplicia. Last punish

ments.

395. San Benito. A special robe worn by the condemned at the auto da fe. 419. An accidence. A primer containing the rudiments of grammar.

446. Insolent Greece, etc. From Ben Jonson's lines to Shakespeare.

461. Rousseau. Both Rousseau and Locke believed in letting a child follow his own natural impulses.

ents

517. 487. Helot . . . Spartans. Spartan par-
were accustomed to teach their
children sobriety by calling their atten-
tion to drunken Helots, who were slaves.
496. The Samite. The Greek philosopher
Pythagoras, whose pupils were obliged
to listen in silence to his lectures for five
years before they could ask questions.
497. Goshen. That rich and fertile part
of Egypt inhabited by the Israelites be-
fore the captivity.

503. Gideon's miracle. The method by
which Gideon tested God's promise to
Ideliver the Midianites into his hand: a
fleece left on the ground over night was
drenched by the dew, while the ground
about it was dry. See Judges, vi.
518. Ululantes. The howlers; e. g., in
Tartarus, hell.

523. Scrannel pipes.

idas, l. 124.

Quoted from Lyc

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your saucepans; the advice of a slave to scullions, parodying some serious counsel given by a father to his son, in Terence's Adelphi.

535. Caxon. Slang term for wig. 559. Rabidus furor. Rabid rage. 518. 585. Literary life. Coleridge's Biographia Literaria.

588. The Country Spectator. A magazine
edited by T. F. Middleton in 1792-3;
see below, 1. 629.

600. Grecian. The two best scholars
among the senior boys of Christ's Hospi-
tal were called Grecians, and received
scholarships at Cambridge University.
617. Fasces. Bundles of rods, with axes
in their centers, symbolic of the authority
of Roman magistrates; here, the birch
rod.

518. 636. Regni novitas. The newness of the kingdom.

639. Jewel or Hooker. English bishops
and writers of the sixteenth century;
Hooker was author of the Laws of Eccle-
siastical Polity.
664. Mirandula.

Pico della Mirandola,
Italian philosopher of the fifteenth cen-
tury, one of the leading scholars of the
Renaissance.

666. Jamblichus,

Plotinus. Neo-Pla

tonic philosophers of the fourth and third centuries A. D.

674. Fuller. Thomas Fuller, author of The Worthies of England, 1662. Lamb adapts Fuller's description of the trials of wit between Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, substituting Coleridge for Jonson, and C. V. LeG. for Shakespeare.

519. 695. Nireus formosus. Handsome Nireus; Homer called Nireus the handsomest of all the Greek host before Troy. 709. Sizars. University students who received free board; formerly they performed certain menial duties in return for the financial assistance.

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28. Fauces Averni. The jaws of hell.

522. 53. Kibed. Chilblained.

56. Tester. Sixpence.

59. 'Yclept. Called.

71. The only Salopian house. The only shop devoted to the sale of saloop, or sassafras tea.

88. Fuliginous. Sooty.

137. Covent Garden. The fruit and vegetable market of London.

523. 165. Westward. I. e., homeward from

work, for Lamb lived in the Temple, west from Cheapside.

181. Hogarth. William Hogarth (16971764), the famous eighteenth century painter of London life. The March to Finchley, one of his most animated pieces of work, depicts a company of soldiers marching through a crowd in the utmost confusion; one of the figures in the foreground is that of a sweep, with just such a grin as Lamb describes, except that he is grinning not at the pie-man, but at a soldier who is stealing milk from a milkmaid.

208. A sable cloud, etc. Adapted from Comus, 1. 221 ƒ.

229. The young Montagu. Edward Wortley Montagu (1713-1776), son of the

famous Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who twice ran away from school, once turning chimney sweep.

523. 232. Defiliations. Instances of parents being deprived of their children.

242. Ascanius. Son of Æneas; in the first book of the Eneid (1. 695 f.) we are told how on one occasion Venus lulled him to sleep.

524. 283. Incunabula. Cradle.

290. Jem White. A schoolfellow of Lamb's at Christ's Hospital.

299. The fair of St. Bartholomew. Held in Smithfield, one of the poorer districts of London, originally on St. Bartholomew's Day, August 24; later, when the calendar was revised, on September 3. It became the occasion of great disorder and scandal, and was abolished in 1855. Ben Jonson wrote a comedy of this title, dealing with the humors of the Fair, and severely satirizing the Puritans.

312. Quoited. Thrown, as a quoit would be.

335. Rochester. The Earl of Rochester (1647-1680), one of the courtiers of Charles II, noted for his riotous excesses. 341. Old dame Ursula. Lamb so names the woman after one of the characters in Jonson's Bartholomew Fair, mentioned above, a fat pig-woman,-i. e., woman who sold roast pig,-indescribably coarse of behavior.

345. Whereat the universal host . . . brightness. A paraphrase of Paradise Lost, I. 541-543; see p. 161.

360. Kissing-crust. The soft part of the crust of a loaf where it has touched another in baking.

525. 388. Golden lads, etc. From Cymbeline, IV. ii.

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528. 312. Villatic. Of the village; the quotation is from Samson Agonistes.

378. Intenerating and dulcifying. Making tender and sweet. The use of such long, highsounding words of Latin derivation, with reference to a subject so commonplace, has much to do with the flavor of the essay.

387. St. Omer's. A French Jesuit college, where, of course, Lamb never attended school.

529. 404. Shalot. A kind of onion.

THE SUPERANNUATED MAN

One of the most autobiographically exact
of Lamb's essays.
Lamb was a clerk in
the service of the East India Company
for thirty-three years, resigning his post
in March, 1825, on a pension of two-
thirds his regular salary.

Sera tamen, etc. Quoted from Virgil's first
eclogue: Liberty, though late, yet looked
upon, or visited, me.
Fictitious

530. 162. Boldero... Lacy.

names under which Lamb conceals the directors of the East India Company. 164. Esto perpetua. Be thou eternal. 531. 241. A Tragedy by Sir Robert Howard. The Vestal Virgin, or the Roman_Ladies; Howard was brother-in-law of Dryden, and did some dramatic work in collaboration with him.

286. Gresham. Sir Thomas Gresham (d. 1579), a wealthy London merchant who founded the Royal Exchange and became Lord Mayor. Whittington. Sir Richard, better known as Dick, Whittington, whose rise from poverty to the Lord Mayorship is familiar from nursery rhymes.

298. Aquinas. St. Thomas Aquinas, Italian philosopher of the thirteenth century; his writings filled seventeen volumes.

532. 310. Carthusian. The Carthusian order

of monks was founded by St. Bruno c. 1084, at La Grande Chartreuse (Latin Carthusia); the Carthusian rule was strict. 333. Elgin marbles. Parts of the pediments and frieze of the Parthenon, brought to England by Lord Elgin and placed in the British Museum.

361. Cantle. Slice.

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It was

my condition overwhelmed me. like passing from life into eternity. Every year to be as long as three, i. e., to have three times as much real time-time that is my own, in it! I wandered about thinking I was happy, but feeling I was not. But that tumultuousness is passing off, and I begin to understand the nature of the gift. Holidays, even the annual month, were always uneasy joys; their conscious fugitiveness; the craving after making the most of them. Now, when all is holiday, there are no holidays. I can sit at home, in rain or shine, without a restless impulse for walkings. I am daily steadying, and shall soon find it as natural to me to be my own master, as it has been irksome to have had a master.

"I eat, drink, and sleep sound as ever. I lay no anxious schemes for going hither and thither, but take things as they occur. Yesterday I excursioned twenty miles; to-day I write a few letters. Pleasuring was for fugitive playdays; mine are fugitive only in the sense that life is fugitive. Freedom and life coexistent!

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66

180. The Brentford Jehu. See 2 Kings, ix: 20: The driving is like the driving of Jehu the son of Nimshi; for he driveth furiously."

535. 268. Follows so the ever-running sun. "Follows so the ever-running year,

With profitable labor." Henry V, IV. i. 293.

536. 348. The vein of Gilpin. See Cowper's John Gilpin's Ride.

359. Frank us. Send us down on a pass. 388. A lusty man. Canterbury Tales,

Prologue, 1. 167; p. 3.

405. Standing like gray-hounds.

"I see you stand like gray-hounds in the slips,

Straining upon the start."

III. i. 31.

Henry V,

411. Oaken towel. Staff or club. 415. A firebrand like Bardolph's. Bardolph is one of the characters in Henry IV whom Falstaff is forever twitting about his red nose; e. g.: "O thou art a perpetual triumph, an everlasting bonfirelight. Thou hast saved me a thousand marks in links and torches, walking in the night betwixt tavern and tavern." (III. iii.)

537. 437. Hogarth. See note on The Praise of Chimney Sweepers, p. 523, I. 181. 443. Cobbett. William Cobbett (17661835), an English radical journalist, editor of Cobbett's Weekly Political Register, whose attacks on the government resulted from time to time in his being imprisoned and fined.

520. Alas! the Bristol man, etc. See Cowper's The Task, II. 322:

"Alas, Leviathan is not so tamed." 538. 551. The Game Chicken. The nom de guerre of Henry Pearce, a well-known English pugilist.

585. Stone. An English weight, legally fourteen pounds.

540. 826. Sir Fopling Flutter. A fashionable fop in Etherege's comedy, The Man of Mode, or Sir Fopling Flutter.

541. 889. Procul este profani.

Eneid, VI.

258. Stay far off, unholy ones. 906. New Eloise. La Nouvelle Héloïse, by Rousseau; a sentimental romance published in 1760.

ON GOING A JOURNEY

542. 30. May plume her feathers, etc. Comus, 378ff.

36. A Tilbury. A two wheeled gig without

a cover.

543. 97. Sterne. The Rev. Laurence Sterne (1713-1768), author of A Sentimental Journey and Tristram Shandy.

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544. 170. All-Foxden. Near Nether-Stowey, Somersetshire, where Hazlitt visited his "old friend Cridge) in 1798. Charles Lamb, a and Coleridge.

(Samuel Taylor Cole"L--," 1. 204, is friend of both Hazlitt

176. Here be woods as green, etc.
Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess, I. iii.
238. Sancho. Sancho Panza, Don
Quixote's esquire and servant in Cer-
vantes' burlesque romance Don Quixote.
244. Procul este profani. See The Fight,
note on 1. 889.

545. 312. Gribelin's engravings. Simon Gri

belin (1661-1733), an engraver of some ability, published in 1707 seven plates of the cartoons of Raphael.

325. Paul and Virginia, . . . Camilla. The former a pastoral novel by Bernadin de St. Pierre, published 1788; the latter, a novel by Madame D'Arblay (Fanny Burney), published 1796, much inferior to her masterpiece Evelina.

331. New Eloise. See The Fight, note on 1. 906.

546. 381. Where is he now? In 1822, when this essay was first published, Coleridge's creative power was in eclipse, and his whole constitution broken by ill health and the use of laudanum.

547. 472. Stonehenge. A prehistoric monument in the shape of a roughly circular group of huge monoliths, on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire.

547. 490. The Bodleian. The University library at Oxford.

ON FAMILIAR STYLE

549. 112. Cum grano salis.
salt.

176. Mr. Cobbett.
Fight, 1. 443.

With a grain of See note on The

550. 247. A well of native English undefiled. Adapted from Spenser's Dan Chaucer, well of English undefyled," Faerie Queene, IV. ii. 32.

251. Erasmus's Colloquies. The Colloquia of Erasmus (1466-1536), appeared in 1519.

261. What do you read? etc. See Hamlet, II. ii.

272. Florilegium. Anthology; here rather a collection of big words. Tulippomania. Craze for tulips.

289. Sermo humi obrepens. Talk that creeps on the ground.

551. 314. Fantoccini beings. Puppets. 315. That strut and fret, etc.

V. v.

Macbeth,

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320. That moveth altogether, etc. From Wordsworth's Resolution and Independence, 1. 77.

555. 414. Anastasius.

A novel, published 1819, the hero of which was an opiumeating Greek.

416. Mithridates. The title of a dictionary of all languages, published by Johann Christoph Adelung in 1806. Mithridates was renowned as a linguist; hence the title.

557. 582. The Scriptures speak of. Revelation, xx: 12.

558. 646. A certain day in August. The Civil

War may be said to have begun when
Charles I raised the royal standard at
Nottingham, August. 22, 1642.

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