room smeared with mud to exclude the air. When there is wet weather, and the leaves cannot be dried in the sun, they are laid out on the top of this room, on the network, on an iron pan, the same as is used to heat the leaves; some fire is put into it, either of grass or bamboo, so that the flame may ascend high; the pan is put on a square wooden frame, that has wooden rollers on its legs, and pushed round and round this little room by one man, while another feeds the fire, the leaves on the top being occasionally turned; when they are a little withered, the fire is taken away, and the leaves brought down and manufactured into tea, in the same manner as if it had been dried in the sun. But this is not a good plan, and never had recourse to if it can possibly be avoided. The observations of Liebig afford a satisfactory explanation of the cause of the great partiality of the poor, not only for tea, but for tea of an expensive and superior kind. He says, "We shall never certainly be able to discover how men were first led to the use of the hot infusion of the leaves of a certain shrub (tea), or of a decoction of certain roasted seeds (coffee). Some cause there must be which will explain how the practice has become a necessary of life to all nations. But it is still more remarkable, that the beneficial effects of both plants on the health must be ascribed to one and the same substance (théine or caffeine), the presence of which in two vegetables, belonging to natural families, the products of different quarters of the globe, could hardly have presented itself to the boldest imagination. Yet recent researches have shown, in such a manner as to exclude all doubt, that théine and caffeine are in all respects identical." And he adds, "That we may consider these vegetable compounds, so remarkable for their action on the brain, and the substance of the organs of motion, as elements of food for organs as yet unknown, which are destined to convert the blood into nervous substance, and thus recruit the energy of the moving and thinking faculties." Such a discovery gives great importance to tea and coffee, in a physiological and medical point of view. At a meeting of the Academy of Sciences, in Paris, lately held, M. Peligot read a paper on the Chemical Combinations of Tea. He stated that tea contained essential principles of nutrition, far exceeding in importance its stimulating properties: and showed that tea is, in every respect, one of the most desirable articles of general use. One of his experiments on the nutritious qualities of tea, as compared with those of soup, was decidedly in favour of the former.-See THEINE. Consult "Watts' Dictionary of Chemistry." From June 1865 the duty on tea has been reduced to 6d. per lb. The quantity of tea entered for home consumption in the United Kingdom; amount of duty received thereon, with average rate of duty per lb.; and average price per lb. in bond, years 1855 to 1864. TEAK. The produce of the Tectona grandia; a native of the mountainous parts of the Malabar coast, and of the western shores of Africa; but the African teak is thought by some to be another genus We imported in 1858, from Sierra Leone, British East Indies, &c., 7,819 loads. - 37,895 do. TEASEL or FULLERS' THISTLE (Chardon à carder, Fr.; Weberdistel, Germ.; the head of the thistle, Dipsacus), is employed to raise the nap of cloth. See WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE. Number of teasels imported in 1858, 18,472,432. ТЕЕТН. Dr. Robert Dundas Thomson has published the analyses of teeth by Alexander Nasmyth, Esq. The following table has been constructed from those analyses : TELEGRAPHS. See ELECTRO-TELEGRAPHY. TELLURIUM. One of the elementary bodies known to chemists. It is usually classed amongst the metals, but it presents so great an analogy to sulphur and selenium that many are disposed to remove it from the metallic bodies. Tellurium was originally found in Transylvanian gold ores; and more recently it has been found with bismuth. Tellurium has a silvery lustre; its texture is crystalline and brittle. From its extreme rarity, and consequent cost, it has not yet found any application in the arts. TENT. A portable lodge, consisting of canvas sustained by poles and stretched by cords, used for sheltering men, especially soldiers in camp, from the weather. Tents were commonly used in the earliest periods of man's history. The patriarchal tribes dwelt in tents. Layard describes one of the sculptured stones at Mosul as representing Sennacherib seated on a throne, placed at the entrance of a city. Behind the king was the royal tent supported by ropes, and an inscription, signifying "This is the tent of Sennacherib, King of Assyria." This was 700 years before Christ. We learn that Paul was a tent-maker, therefore in those days it was an important calling. We have no space to enter into the history of tents or describe the varieties which have been used from time to time. A few words on modern tents must suffice: The hospital marquee is 29 feet long and 14 feet wide and 15 feet high. This is supposed to accommodate not less than eighteen or more than twenty-four men. The height of each tent-pole is 13 feet 8 inches; the length of the ridge-pole 13 feet 10 inches; the height of the tent walls from the ground 5 feet 4 inches. The weight of all the material of such a tent is stated by Major Rhodes to be 652 lbs. Of the circular single-poled tents we have two kinds, the new cotton circular tent, and the new pattern linen circular tent; each tent is provided with a vertical circular wall; that of the cotton tent is 2 feet 6 inches in height, and that of the linen tent is 1 foot. The diameter of each tent is 12 feet 6 inches; the length of the pole about 10 feet. Such a tent accommodates sixteen men. Major Godfrey Rhodes has introduced a new and improved tent, which has no centre-pole. The frame of the tent is formed of stout ribs of ash, bamboo, or other flexible material. The ends of the ribs are inserted into a wooden head, fitted with iron sockets, and the butts are thrust into the ground, passing through a double twisted rope, having fixed loops at equal distances. The canvas is thrown over this frame-work, and secured within the tent by leather straps to the ground, or circular rope. The present hospital tent, when pitched, covers about 340 square yards. Major Rhodes' hospital tent covers only 63 square yards, and weighs 395 lbs., while it accommodates an equal number of men. The field tent is made up in one package, 5 feet 6 inches long, weighing 100 lbs.; the guard tent into one package 7 feet 6 inches long, weighing 52 lbs. The accompanying cuts, figs. 1743, and 1744, show 1745 13.0 1 M. Major Rhodes' field tent and the frame thereof. The difference, as it regards weight and convenience, in those tents introduced by Major Rhodes, is very great. We regret our space will not admit of more detail; this, however, is somewhat compensated, by the ample detail to be found in a book, Tents and Tent Life, published by the patentee. The ventilation of tents has been admirably effected by Mr. Doyle, to whom we are indebted for the information contained in the following notes on the subject. The old method of ventilating military tents was very defective. Ventilating openings were made at the top of the tent, but no means were provided for the admission of fresh air. The result was most unsatisfactory, as may be gathered from the following evidence given before the Sebastopol committee: "The tents were very close indeed at night. When the tent was closed in wet weather, it was often past bearing. The men became faint from heat and closeness."* The problem then was to let in fresh air, and produce a draft without inconveniencing the soldiers as they slept. The question attracted Mr. Doyle's notice during the period of the camp at Chobham, and it appearing to him to be one of very great importance, he undertook, with the sanction of Lord Raglan, then Master-General of the Ordnance, to try the following experiment. He caused two openings to be made in the wall of a tent, about 4 feet from the ground, and introduced the air between the wall and a piece of lining somewhat resembling a carriage pocket, thus: a a, the wall of the tent; b, the opening to admit air; c, the lining. Evidence of Sergeant Dawson, Grenadier Guards. It will be seen that air so introduced would naturally take an upward direction, and that this communicating with the openings at the top of the tent, would probably produce the desired effect. The following extract from the report on this experiment will show the actual result: "The ventilators (Mr. Doyle's) were found of great nse in clearing the tent of the fetid atmosphere consequent upon a The men state number of men sleeping in so confined a space. that the heavy smell experienced before the tent was altered is almost banished." 1746 In subsequent experiments the number of the new openings was increased from two to three, and a greater amount of ventilation thus obtained. The result, according to an official letter of thanks received on the subject, was "quite successful." The improvement has been since adopted into the service, and by these very simple means one of the most fruitful causes of sickness among our soldiers in camp finally removed. - it being of a TENT, a wine, so called from the Spanish tinto deep coloured deep red colour. It comes chiefly from Galicia, or Malaga. See WINE. TERRA COTTA. This term means literally baked clay. It is known in the arts as the name of the ancient vases, amphora, pateræ, lamps, statues, and bas-relievi. Monumental vases of terra cotta have been found in the tombs, after the lapse of 2,000 The ancient terra-cotta vases are generally years, in a fine state of preservation. painted black, on a red or buff ground; but on some there are blue, yellow, and other a few narrow lines, or colours. The style of ornamentation is much alike in all fillets, with dots, meander fretwork, laurel, ivy leaf, and honeysuckle borders, adorning the rim, neck, and stand of the vases, the centre or body being covered with alleTerra cottas of the type of the gorical representations of gods, men, and animals. early Greek, commonly called Etruscan vases, are found throughout the ancient Egyptian cities. The art of making the Greek terra cotta seems to have become extinct about 150 years before Christ. The modes in which the Greek works were made have been subjects of much controversy among the learned in art. The body, or substance, appears to a potter, in a commercial point of view, of the lowest grade, as it is common clay, very porous, and coarse-grained. By some authors it is said they were made of clay, mixed with sand only, and by others, with clay mixed with cement. The most probable conclusion is, that some were made of clay only, some of clay and sand, and others (such as those of a ground and monumental character, where it was important that the parts should be kept very true in firing), of clay mixed with The works are less baked than potsherds and puzzolano or other detritus of lava. modern pottery, and it is doubtful if it would stand exposure to the variations of such a climate as England. Among the remains of Greek pottery are gigantic amphora of very coarse grain, measuring as much as 8 feet in length by three feet in diameter, and of corresponding thickness. It is said that one of these great vessels was the tub of Diogenes. Vauquelin gives the following analysis of the Greek terracotta vases:-silica, 53; alumina, 15; lime, 8; oxide of iron, &c., 24. The Roman terra cottas are of an entirely different character to those just described, and consist chiefly of cinerary urns, lamps, and pateræ; and these appear to have been moulded; the ornament is either incised or embossed, and odd fantastic shapes prevail. Terra-cotta works of an architectural character are constantly met with in the buildings erected in Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. The clay sketches and models of Michael Angelo, and other great sculptors, were rendered in terra cottas. Bramante employed terra-cotta in decoration. About The merit of reviving in England the manufacture of terra cotta belongs to Josiah Wedgewood, who in 1770 established large works in Staffordshire. 1790 a pottery was established at Lambeth for the manufacture of decorative works; and terra cotta was made for many years by a lady of the name of Coade, and afterwards by Coade and Sealey. The chief materials used by them were the Dorset and BeDevonshire clays, with fine sand, flint, and potsherds. The chief portion of the old coats of arms above the shop fronts of London were made of this terra cotta. tween 30 and 40 years ago, Mr. Bubb, the sculptor, had a manufactory for terra cotta. The frieze of the Opera, in the Haymarket, is an example of his work. To explain the mode of executing any work in terra cotta, it is best to describe the proper meaning of the words modelling, moulding, and casting. A model is an original work made by the sculptor in clay, and worked out by the fingers and small tools made of bone and steel, varying from about 6 to 10 inches in length. This original work of the artist is allowed to dry, and then the moulding operation commences. This process is effected by mixing plaster of Paris with |