Human Pharmaceuticals: Assessing the Impacts on Aquatic EcosystemsRichard T. Williams |
Contents
Background and Introduction | 1 |
xiv | 8 |
viii | 42 |
X | 44 |
Human Drug Development and vii | 47 |
Figure | 48 |
22 | 56 |
Environmental Exposure | 71 |
Toxicology studies performed for inclusion in a pharmaceutical dossier | 180 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS | 183 |
Table | 189 |
Overview | 211 |
Research Recommendations | 220 |
Evaluating Simple and Complex Mixtures | 239 |
Impact Assessment TABLE OF CONTENTS | 269 |
Table | 274 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS | 81 |
Environmental Fate and Transport | 111 |
Unique Aspects of Pharmaceuticals and Their Impact | 120 |
Table 4A1 | 125 |
Summary | 139 |
Environmental Effects | 149 |
Table | 156 |
Research Recommendations | 165 |
The CMC section of Chemistry Manufacturing | 174 |
Common terms and phrases
activated sludge active acute addition algae Ankley APIs approach aquatic environment aquatic organisms aquatic species assays bioaccumulation biodegradation biological biomarkers biotransformation CHAPTER chemicals chemistry chronic clinical clofibric acid compounds daphnids diclofenac drug development ecological ecosystem ecotoxicity ecotoxicity testing ecotoxicology editors effects effluent EMEA endocrine endpoints Environ Sci Technol Environ Toxicol Chem environmental concentrations environmental fate environmental risk assessment enzyme estimate estrogen evaluation example excretion exposure assessment fate and transport fathead minnow fish framework function green chemistry Huggett Human Drug human pharmaceuticals ibuprofen identify impact invertebrates Kolpin Kümmerer mammalian data mammals measured Medicinal Products metabolism metabolites methods microbial mixtures molecular monitoring ng/L OECD partitioning pharmacological phase photolysis potential predicted receptor regulatory relevant reproduction responses ronmental scientific sediment sensitive SETAC sewage sludge soil sorption studies substances surface waters target Ternes therapeutic tion toxicity Toxicology treatment plants USEPA USFDA vertebrates vitellogenin vitro WWTP