Sec. Art.

3. I.

The State of California is an inseparable part of the American Union, and the Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the land.

16. I.

No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligations of contracts, shall ever be passed.

8. XX.

All property, real and personal, owned by either husband or wife, before marriage, and that acquired by either of them afterwards by gift, devise, or descent, shall be their separate property.

9. XX.

or

A married woman's separate real personal property may be charged in equity and sold, or the uses, rents and profits thereof sequestrated for the purchasemoney thereof; or for money or things due upon any agreement made by her in writing for the benefit of her separate property; or for the price of any property purchased by her, or for labor and material used with her knowledge or assent in the construction of buildings, or repairs, or improvements upon her property, or for agricultural or other labor bestowed thereon, with her knowledge and consent.

3. XI.

The Legislature shall enact such laws as shall be necessary to carry into effect this article.

17.

No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed.

3. I.

GEORGIA.

No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, retroactive law, or law im

Sec. Art. 239.

49.

Any person who shall, after the adoption of this Constitution, either directly or indirectly give, accept or knowingly carry a challenge to any person or persons to fight in single combat with a citizen of this State, with a deadly weapon, either in or out of the State, shall be deprived of the right to hold any office of honor or profit in this Commonwealth; and if said acts, or any of them, be committed within this State, the person or persons SO committing them shall be further punished in such manner as the General Assembly may prescribe by law.

LOUISIANA.

That all persons invested with the legislative or executive powers of government are the trustees of the public, and, as such, accountable for their conduct: Wherefore, whenever the ends of government are perverted, and public liberty manifestly endangered, and all other means of redress are ineffectual, the people may, and of right ought, to reform the old, or establish a new government; the doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind.

15.

That the levying of taxes by the poll is grievous and oppressive, and ought to be prohibited; that paupers ought not to be assessed for the support of the government; but every person in the State, or person holding property therein, ought to contribute his proportion of public taxes for the support of the government, according to his actual worth in real or personal property; yet, fines, duties or taxes may prop

Sec. Art.

17.

erly and justly be imposed or laid, with a political view for the good government and benefit of the community.

That retrospective laws, punishing acts committed before the existence of such laws, and by them only declared criminal, are oppressive, unjust and incompatible with liberty; wherefore, no ex post facto law ought to be made; nor any retrospective oath or restriction be imposed or required.

38.

That every gift, sale or devise of land to any minister, public teacher or preacher of the gospel, as such, or to any religious sect, order or denomination, or to or for the support, use or benefit of, or in trust for, any minister, public teacher or preacher of the gospel, as such, or any religious sect, order or denomination; and every gift or sale of goods, or chattels, to go in succession, or to take place after the death of the seller or donor, to or for such support, use or benefit; and also every devise of goods or chattels to or for the support, use or benefit of any minister, public teacher or preacher of the gospel, as such, or any religious sect, order denomination, without the prior or subsequent sanction of the Legislature, shall be void; except always, any sale, gift, lease or devise of any quantity of land, not exceeding five acres, for a church, meeting house, or other house of worship, or parsonage, or for a burying ground, which shall be improved, enjoyed or used only for such purpose; or such sale, gift, lease or devise shall be void.

or

Any citizen of this State who shall, after the adoption of this Constitution, either in or out of this State, fight a duel with deadly weapons, or send a challenge so to do, or who shall act as a second or knowingly aid or assist in any manner those offending, shall ever thereafter be incapable of holding any office of profit or trust under this State, unless relieved from the disability by an act of the Legislature. 53. III.

No person shall be incompetent, as a witness, on account of race or color, unless hereafter so declared by act of the General Assembly.