Sec. Art. piness of the people; and not for the profit, honor or private interest of any one man, family or class of men: Therefore, the people alone have an incontestible, unalienable and indefeasible right to institute government; and to reform, alter or totally change the same, when their protection, safety, prosperity and happiness require it.

8.

A frequent recurrence to the fundamental principles of the Constitution, and a constant adherence to those of piety, justice, moderation, temperance, industry, and frugality, are absolutely necessary to preserve the advantages of liberty, and to maintain a free government. The people ought, consequently, to have a particular attention to all those principles, in the choice of their officers and representatives; and they have power to require of their lawgivers and magistrates an exact and constant observance of them, in the formation and execution of the laws necessary for the good administration of the Commonwealth.

1. I.

MINNESOTA.

Government is instituted for the security, benefit and protection of the people, in whom all political power is inherent, together with the right to alter, modify or reform such government, whenever the public good may require it.

2. I.

No member of this State shall be disfranchised, or deprived of any of the rights or privileges secured to any citizen thereof, unless by the law of the land, or the judgment of his peers.

All political power is vested in and derived from the people; all government of right originates with the people, is founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for the good of the whole. 6. III.

The people of this State have the inherent, sole and exclusive right to regulate the internal government and police thereof, and to alter and abolish their Constitution and form of government whenever they may deem it necessary to their safety and happiness: Provided, such change be not repugnant to the Constitution of the United States.

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Sec. Art.

curity and benefit of the people; and they have the right to alter or reform the same whenever the public good may require it. But the paramount allegiance of every citizen is due to the Federal government, in the exercise of all its Constitutional powers, as the same have been, or may be, defined by the Supreme Court of the United States, and no power exists in the people of this or any other State of the Federal Union to dissolve their connection therewith, or perform any act tending to impair, subvert or resist the supreme authority of the government of the United States. The Constitution of the United States confers full power on the Federal government to maintain and perpetuate its existence, and whensoever any portion of the States, or people thereof, attempt to secede from the Federal Union, or forcibly resist the execution of its laws, the Federal government may, by warrant of the Constitution, employ armed force in compelling obedience to its authority.

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3.

7.

9.

acquiring, possessing and protecting property; and, in a word, of seeking and obtaining happiness.

When men enter into a state of society they surrender up some of their natural rights to that society in order to insure the protection of others; and without such an equivalent, the surrender is void.

The people of this State have the sole and exclusive right of gov erning themselves, as a free, sovereign and independent State, and do, and forever hereafter shall, exercise and enjoy every power, jurisdiction and right pertaining thereto which is not, or may not hereafter be, by them expressly delegated to the United States of America, in Congress assembled.

No office or place whatsoever in government shall be hereditary, the abilities and integrity requisite in all not being transmissible to posterity or relations.

10.

Government being instituted for the common benefit, protection and security of the whole community, and not for the private interest or emolument of any one man, family or class of men, therefore, whenever the ends of government are perverted and public liberty manifestly endangered, and all other means of redress are ineffectual, the people may, and of right ought to, reform the old or establish a new government. The doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish, and destructive

A frequent recurrence to the fun damental principles of the Constitution, and a constant adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, industry, frugality and all the social virtues, are indispensably necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty and good government. The people ought, therefore, to have a particular regard to all those principles in the choice of their officers and representatives; and they have a right to require of their lawgivers and magistrates an exact and constant observance of them in the formation and execution of the laws necessary for the good administration of government.

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right of regulating the internal government and police thereof, and of altering and abolishing their Constitution and form of government whenever it may be necessary for their safety and happiness; but every such right should be exercised in pursuance of law, and consistently with the Constitution of the United States.

7. I.

No man or set of men are entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community but in consideration of public services.

29. I.

All political power is inherent in the people. Government is instituted for their equal protection and benefit, and they have the right to alter, reform or abolish the same whenever they may deem it necessary; and no special privileges or immunities shall ever be granted that may not be altered, revoked or repealed by the General Assembly. 12. I.

No person shall be transported out of the State for any offense committed within the same; and no conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of estate. 17. I.