I

The right of trial by jury shall be secured to all, and remain inviolate; but in civil actions threefourths of the jury may render a verdict. A trial by jury may be waived in all criminal cases not amounting to felony, by the consent of both parties, expressed in open court, and in civil actions by the consent of the parties, signified in such manner as may be prescribed by law. In civil actions and cases of misdemeanor, the jury may consist of twelve, or of any number less

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The courts of justice shall be open to every person, and a speedy remedy afforded for every injury to person, property or character; and that right and justice should be administered without sale, denial or delay. 23. II.

The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate in criminal cases; but a jury in civil cases in all courts, or in criminal cases in courts not of record, may consist of less than twelve men, as may be prescribed by law. Hereafter a grand jury shall consist of twelve men, any nine of whom concurring may find an indictment: Provided, The General Assembly may change, regulate or abolish the grand jury system.

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sion, shall have remedy by the due course of law, and justice administered according to the very right of the cause and the law of the land, without sale, denial, or unreasonable delay or expense; and every action shall be tried in the county in which it shall be commenced, unless when the judges of the court in which the cause is to be tried shall determine that an impartial trial therefor cannot be had in that county. Suits may be brought against the State, according to such regulations as shall be made by law.

3. I.

FLORIDA.

The right of trial by jury shall be secured to all, and remain inviolate forever.

4. I.

The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate; but in civil actions three-fourths of the jury may render a verdict, and the Legislature may provide that in all cases of misdemeanors fivesixths of the jury may render a verdict. A trial by jury may be waived in all criminal cases not amounting to felony by the consent of both parties, expressed in open court, and in civil actions by the consent of the parties, signified in such manner as may be prescribed by law. In civil actions and cases of misdemeanor the jury may consist of twelve, or of any number less than twelve, upon which the parties may agree in open court. 18. I.

Courts of justice shall be open to every person, and a speedy remedy afforded for every injury of person, property or character, and right and justice shall be administered without sale, denial, delay or prejudice.

5. II.

ILLINOIS.

The right of trial by jury, as heretofore enjoyed, shall remain inviolate; but the trial of civil cases before justices of the peace, by a jury of less than twelve men, may be authorized by law.

Sec. Art. 19. II.

Every person ought to find a certain remedy in the laws for all injuries and wrongs which he may receive in his person, property or reputation; he ought to obtain, by law, right and justice freely, and without being obliged to purchase it, completely and without denial, promptly and without delay.

12. I.

INDIANA.

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5.

MARYLAND.

That the inhabitants of Maryland are entitled to the common law of England, and the trial by jury, according to the course of that law. and to the benefit of such of the English statutes as existed on the fourth day of July, seventeen hundred and seventy-six; and which, by experience, have been found applicable to their local and other circumstances, and have been introduced, used and practiced by the courts of law and equity; and also of all acts of Assembly in force on the first day of June, eighteen hundred and sixtyseven; except such as may have since expired, or may be inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution; subject, nevertheless, to the revision of, and amendment or repeal by, the Legislature of this State. And the inhabitants of Maryland are also entitled to all property derived to them from, or under the charter granted by His Majesty Charles the First to Caecilius Calvert, Baron of Baltimore.

5. XV.

In the trial of criminal cases, the jury shall be the judges of law, as well as of fact.

6. XV.

The right of trial by jury of all issues of fact in civil proceedings in the sev ral courts of law in this State, where the amount in controversy exceeds the sum of five dollars, shall be inviolably preserved.

19.

That every man, for any injury done to him in his person or property, ought to have remedy by the course of the law of the land, and ought to have justice and right, freely without sale,

Every subject of the commonwealth ought to find a certain remedy, by having recourse to the laws, for all injuries or Wrongs which he may receive in his person, property or character. He ought to obtain right and justice freely, and without being obliged to purchase it; completely, and without any denial; promptly, and without delay; conformably to the laws. 15. I.

In all controversies concerning property, and in all suits between two or more persons, except in cases in which it has heretofore been otherways used and practiced, the parties have a right to a trial by jury; and this method of procedure shall be held sacred, unless, in causes arising on the high seas, and such as relate to mariners' wages, the Legislature shall hereafter find it necessary to alter it.

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28. VI.

In every criminal prosecution the accused shall have the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury, which may consist of less than twelve men in all courts not of record; to be informed of the nature of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

4. I.

MINNESOTA.

The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate, and shall extend to all cases at law without regard to the amount in controversy, but a jury trial may be waived by the parties in all cases, in the manner prescribed by law; and the Legislature may provide that the agreement of five-sixths of any jury in any civil action or proceeding, after not less than six (6) hours deliberation, shall be a sufficient verdict therein.

8. I.