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Monday in the month of November to the end of the month of May in each and every year. The General Assembly shall have power to fix the sessions elsewhere during the rest of the year. Until otherwise provided, the sessions shall be held as heretofore. They shall appoint their own clerks and remove them at pleasure. Art 85. No judgment shall be rendered by the Supreme Court without the of three judges. Whenever three members cannot concur, in consequence of the recusation of any member or members of the court, the judges not recused shall have authority to call upon any judge or judges of the District Courts, whose duty it shall be, when so called upon, to sit in the place of the judge or judges recused, and to aid in the determination of the case.

concurrence

Art. 88. There shall be a reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Court, who shall report in full all cases which he may be required to report by law or by the court. He shall publish in the reports the title, numbers and head-notes of all cases decided, whether reported in full or not.

In all cases reported in full he shall make a brief statement of the principal points presented and authorities cited by counsel.

He shall be appointed by a ma

jority of the court, and hold his office and be removable at their pleasure.

His salary shall be fixed by the court, and shall not exceed fifteen hundred dollars per annum, payable monthly on his own warrant.

Art. 89. The Supreme Court and

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each of the judges thereof shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus at the instance of all persons in actual custody in cases where it may have appellate jurisdiction. Art. 90. The Supreme Court shall have control and general supervision over all inferior courts. They shall have power to issue writs of certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto and other remedial writs. Art. 91.

The General Assembly shall provide for appeals from the District Courts to the Supreme Court upon questions of law alone, when the party or parties aggrieved desire only a review of the law.

Art. 92.

Except as herein provided, no duties or functions shall ever be attached by law to the Supreme Court, Courts of Appeal or District Courts, or the several judges thereof, but such as are judicial; and the said judges are prohibited from receiving any fees of office or other compensation than their salaries for any official duties performed by them. No judicial powers, except as committing magistrates in criminal cases, shall be conferred on any officers other than those mentioned in this title, except such as may be necessary in towns and cities, and the judicial powers of such officers shall not extend further than the cognizance of cases arising under the police regulations of towns and cities in the State.

Art. 107. The State shall be divided into not less than twenty nor more than thirty judicial districts, the parish of Orleans excepted.

Art. 108. Until otherwise provided by law there shall be twenty-six districts.

Bec. Art.

The parish of Caddo shall compose the first district. The parishes of Bossier, Webster and Bienville shall compose the second district.

The parishes of Claiborne, Union and Lincoln shall compose the third district.

The parishes of Jackson, Winn and Caldwell shall compose the fourth district.

The parishes of Ouachita and Richland shall compose the fifth district. The parishes of Morehouse and West Carroll shall compose the sixth district.

The parishes of Catahoula and Franklin shall compose the seventh district.

The parishes of Madison and East Carroll shall compose the eighth district.

The parishes of Concordia and Tensas shall compose the ninth district.

The parishes of De Soto and Red River shall compose the fenth district.

The parishes of Natchitoches and Sabine shall compose the eleventh district.

The parishes of Rapides, Grant and Avoyelles shall compose the twelfth district.

The parish of St. Landry shall compose the thirteenth district. The parishes of Vernon, Calca

sieu and Cameron shall compose the fourteenth district. The parishes of Pointe Coupee and West Feliciana shall compose the fifteenth district. The parishes of East Feliciana and St. Helena shall compose the sixteenth district.

The parish of East Baton Rouge shall compose the seventeenth district.

The parishes of Tangipahoa, Livingston, St. Tammany and

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Washington shall compose the eighteenth district.

The parishes of St. Mary and Terrebonne shall compose the nineteenth district.

The parishes of Lafourche and Asumption shall compose the twentieth district.

The parishes of St. Martin and Iberia shall compose the twenty-first district.

The parishes of Ascension and St. James shall compose the twenty-second district.

The parishes of West Baton Rouge and Iberville shall compose the twenty-third district. The parishes of Plaquemines and St. Bernard shall compose the twenty-fourth district.

It is essentially to the preservation of the rights of every individual, his life, liberty, property and character that there be an impartial interpretation of the laws and administration of justice. It is the right of every citizen to be tried by judges as free, impartial and independent as the lot of humanity will admit. It is, therefore, not only the best policy, but for of the the security rights of the people, and of every citizen, that the judges of the Supreme Judicial Court should hold their offices as long as they behave themselves well; and that they should have honorable salaries ascertained and established by standing laws.

2. VI.

MICHIGAN.

For the term of six years and thereafter until the Legislature otherwise provide, the judges of the several Circuit Courts shall be judges of the Supreme Court, four of whom shall constitute a quoruin. A concurrence of three shall be necessary to a final decision. After six years the Legislature may provide by law for the organization of a Supreme Court, with the jurisdiction and powers prescribed in this Constitution, to consist of one chief justice and three associate justices, to be chosen by the electors of the State. Such Supreme Court, when so organ

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ized, shall not be changed or discontinued by the Legislature for eight years thereafter. The judges thereof shall be so classified that but one of them shall go out of office at the same time. The term of office shall be eight years.

3. VI.

The Supreme Court shall have a general superintending control over all inferior courts, and shall have power to issue writs of error, habeas corpus, mandamus. quo warranto, procedendo, and other original and remedial writs, and to hear and determine the same. In all other cases it shall have appellate jurisdiction only.

8. VI.

Court The Circuit shall have original jurisdiction in all matters, civil and criminal, not excepted in this Constitution, and not prohibited by law; and appellate jurisdiction from all inferior courts and tribunals, and a supervisory control of the same. They shall also have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and other writs necessary to carry into effect their orders, judgments and decrees, and give them a general conti ol over inferior courts and tribunals within their respective jurisdictions.

10. VI.

The Supreme Court may appoint a reporter of its decisions. The decisions of the Supreme Court shall be in writing, and signed by the judges concurring therein. Any judge dissenting therefrom shall give the reasons for such dissent in writing, under his signature. All such opinions shall be filled in the office of the clerk of the

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Supreme Court.

The judges of the Circuit Court, within their respective jurisdictions, may fill vacancies in the office of county clerk and of prosecuting attorney; but no judge of the Supreme Court, or Circuit Court, shall exercise any other power of appointment to public office.

15. VI.

The Supreme Court, the Circuit

and Probate Courts of each county shall be courts of record, and shall each have a common seal.

19. VI.

Judges of the Supreme Court, circuit judges and justices of the peace shall be conservators of the peace within their respective jurisdictions.

10.

On the first day of January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, the jurisdiction of all suits and proceed. ings then pending in the present Supreme Court shall become vested in the Supreme Court established by this Constitution, and shall be finally adjudicated by the court where the same may be pending. The jurisdiction of all suits and proceedings at law and in equity then pending in the Circuit Courts and County Courts for the several counties shall become vested in the Circuit Courts of the said counties and District Courts for the Upper Peninsula.

2. VI.

MINNESOTA.

The Supreme Court shall consist of one chief justice and two associate justices, but the number of the associate justices may be increased to a number not exceeding four, by the Legislature,

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by a two-thirds vote, when it shall be deemed necessary. It shall have original jurisdiction in such remedial cases as may be prescribed by law, and appellate jurisdiction in all cases, both in law and equity, but there shall be no trial by jury in said court. It shall hold one or more terms in each year, as the Legislature may direct, at the seat of government, and the Legislature may provide, by a two-thirds vote, that one term in each year shall be held in each or any judicial district. It shall be the duty of such court to appoint a reporter of its decisions. There shall be chosen, by the qualified electors of the State, one clerk of the Supreme Court, who shall hold his office for the term of four years, and until his successor is duly elected and qualified, and the judges of the Supreme Court, or a majority of them, shall have the power to fill any vacancy in the office of clerk of the Supreme Court until an election can be regularly had.

4. VI.

The State shall be divided by the Legislature into judicial districts, which shall be composed of contiguous territory, bie bounded by county lines, and contain a population as nearly equal as may be practicable. In each judicial district one or more judges, as the Legislature may prescribe, shall be elected by the electors thereof, whose term of office shall be six years, and each of said judges shall severally have and exercise the powers of the court, under such limitations as may be prescribed by law. Every district judge shall, at the time of his election,

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be a resident of the district for which he shall be elected, and shall reside therein during his continuance in office. In case any Court of Common Pleas heretofore established shall be abolished, the judge of said court may be constituted by the Legislature one of the judges of the District Court of the district wherein such court has been so established, for a period not exceeding the unexpired term for which he was elected. 12. VI.

The Legislature may, at any time, change the number of judicial districts or their boundaries, when it shall be deemed expedient; but no such change shall vacate the office of any judge.

14.

Until the Legislature shall otherwise provide, the State shall be divided into judicial districts as follows, viz.:

The counties of Washington, Chisago, Manomin, Anoka, Isanti, Pine, Buchanan, Carlton, St. Louis and Lake shall constitute the first district. The county of Ramsey shall constitute the second judicial district.

The counties of Houston, Winona, Fillmore, Olmsted and Wabasha shall constitute the third judicial district. The counties of Hennepin, Carver, Wright, Meeker, Sherborne, Benton, Stearns, Morrison, Crow Wing, Mille Lacs, Itasca, Pembina, Todd and Cass shall constitute the fourth Judicial district.

The counties of Dakota, Goodhue, Scott, Rice, Steele, Waseca, Dodge, Mower and Freeborn shall constitute the fifth Judicial district.

The counties of Le Sueur, Sibley, Nicolett, Blue Earth,

Farl

The Supreme Court shall consist of three judges, any two of whom, when convened, shall form a quorum. The Legislature shall divide the State into three Supreme Court districts, and the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint one judge for and from each district; but the removal of a judge to the State capital during his term of office shall not render him ineligible as his own successor for the district from which he has removed. The present incumbents shall be considered as holding their terms of office from the State at large.