death of Hallam at Constance, September 4,

1417.

Haller, Albert von, an eminent Swiss physician, the father of modern physiology, was born at Berne in 1708. When in his 13th year, he was not only distinguished for his knowledge of Greek and Latin, but also for his poetical genius. In his 16th year he began to study medicine at Tübingen, but the fame of Boerhaave induced him to remove to Leyden, where, animated by the example of the great geniuses around him, he spent his days and nights, with the least possible intermission, in the most intense study. In 1727 he visited England, and formed an acquaintance with Sir Hans Sloane, Cheseiden, and other eminent men. He received afterwards the title of Physician and Councillor to King George II., at whose request the Emperor Francis I. gave him a patent of nobility, as a Baron. He was appointed in 1736 Professor of Medicine, Anatomy, &c., at Göttingen, a post which he held for seventeen years. By his labours and teaching the fame of its medical school was greatly extended. He returned, in 1753, to Berne, where his countrymen received him with the respect due to his great fame and talents. Having been elected a member of the sovereign council of the State, he soon obtained one of its magistracies; and his various duties as a statesman, a physician, and a medical teacher, occupied his attention till his death. His 'Elementa Physiologiæ,' published in 8 vols. 4to, is one of the most important medical works ever written, and for its elegance of style is no less remarkable than for the fulness and accuracy of its matter. His various Bibliothecæ,' of anatomy, surgery, medicine, &c., consisting of catalogues and sketches in chronological order of all the principal works on those subjects, with notices of the lives of their authors, include above 50,000 works, and occupy 10 vols. 4to. Haller is said to have written above two hundred separate treatises, besides many contributions to the memoirs of various scientific societies. These works afford ample proofs of his penetrating genius, immense learning, and solid judgment; and his poems display great depth of thought and richness of imagination. He was, in short, a profound philosopher, an admirable poet, and a first-rate physiologist and botanist; yet not more eminent for his various scientific knowledge than for his piety and active benevolence. Haller was a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and of many other similar societies. He died in 1777.

Haller, Johann, a German sculptor, born in 1792. He studied his art at Munich and at Rome, and was employed to execute some of the sculptures, statues, and bas-reliefs of the Glyptothek at Munich. Died young, in 1823. Halley, Edmund, an eminent English astronomer and mathematician, was born, in 1656, at Haggerston, near London. He received his education at St. Paul's School, and Queen's College, Oxford, where he made so

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great a proficiency in his mathematical studies,
that in 1676 he published observations on a
spot in the sun, by which the motion of that
body on its axis was determined. The same
year he went to St. Helena, where he deter-
mined the positions of 350 stars, which pro-
cured him the name of the Southern Tycho.
On his return to England he was created Mas-
ter of Arts, and chosen a Fellow of the Royal
Society; which learned body deputed him to
go to Dantzic, to adjust a dispute between
Hooke and Hevelius, respecting the proper
glasses for astronomical purposes. In 1680
he made the tour of Europe with Mr. Nelson;
and on the passage to Calais was the first to
observe the great comet-the same which
visited our hemisphere again in 1835, and was
visible in England, to the naked eye, about
the middle of October, as a tolerably bright
star, just above the constellation of the Great
Bear. After his return, he turned his atten-
tion to the theory of the planetary motions,
which brought him acquainted with Sir Isaac
Newton, who entrusted to him the publication
of his Principia. To ascertain exactly the cause
of the variation of the compass, he was made
commander of a ship in 1698, and sent to the
Western Ocean; but, his crew being mutinous,
he was obliged to return. The year following
he sailed again, and proceeded as far south as
the ice would permit; the result of his ob-
servations he published in a general chart. Soon
after this he was employed to observe the
course of the tides in the Channel, and to
make a correct chart of the same. Having
accomplished this object, he went to make a
survey of the coast of Dalmatia for the Em-
peror. In 1703 he was appointed Savilian
Professor of Geometry at Oxford: in 1705 he
made public his valuable researches on the
orbits of comets; in 1713 he became Secretary
to the Royal Society; and in 1719 he succeeded
Flamsteed as Astronomer Royal. The re-
mainder of his life was chiefly spent in the
sedulous performance of his duties in that
situation, especially in completing the theory
of the motion of the moon. Fontenelle thus
speaks of Halley: To his great extent of
knowledge was added constant presence of
mind, and a freedom of expression, at once
pertinent, judicious, and sincere.
He was
naturally of an ardent temper and a generous
disposition, open and punctual in his transac-
tions, candid in his judgment, simple and
blameless in his manners, affable, communica-
tive, and disinterested.' His principal works
are Catalogus Stellarum Australium,' 'Tabula
Astronomicæ,' An Abridgement of the His-
tory of Comets,' &c. He died at Greenwich,
Jan. 14, 1741-2.

Halliday, Sir Andrew, an eminent physician, K.H.; was educated for the church, but preferred a more active pursuit. After the usual routine of education, Mr. Halliday travelled in Russia, Hungary, and Poland; and on his return to England commenced practice at Birmingham. He, however, soon obtained

among the ruins of Hadrian's villa, and at 1754. Among his songs and ballads is the other places in Italy; by whien he was enabled well-known Braes of Yarrow.' to bring to light many of the long-buried treasures of antiquity; and many collections of classical antiquities are the richer for his discoveries. He died at Rome, about 1796.

Hamilton, William Gerard, a statesman who obtained the appellation of Single Speech Hamilton,' from the extraordinary impression produced by the first and almost only speech Hamilton, James, Duke of, was born in he ever made in the British parliament, was Scotland, in 1606; became a favourite at court; the son of a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, where and, when the troubles broke out in Scotland, he was born in 1729. He was educated at had the command of the fleet. In 1643 he Winchester School and Oriel College, Oxford. was created a Duke; but soon afterwards his In 1754 he was elected M. P. for Petersfield, loyalty became suspected, and he was sent pri- and the year following delivered the speech soner to Pendennis Castle, and next to St. alluded to. In 1761 he went to Ireland as Michael's Mount, in Cornwall. There he re- secretary to Lord Halifax, and in the parliament mained till 1646, when he regained his liberty of that kingdom he confirmed the reputation and went to Scotland. Being accused of hav- which he had gained in England by his oraing betrayed the King, and received a share tory. He was above twenty years Chancellor of the money, to wipe off this disgrace he of the Exchequer in Ireland, but retired from raised some forces, and entered England; public life in 1784. His works, consisting of but was defeated at Preston, in Lancashire,Parliamentary Logic,' 'Speeches,' &c., were August 17, 1648, and sent to Windsor Castle. After a summary trial before Bradshaw, he was beheaded, March 9, 1648-9.-His brother William, who succeeded him in the title, was mortally wounded at the battle of Worcester, September 3, 1651.

Hamilton, Patrick, the first Scotch reformer, was nephew to James, Earl of Arran, and was born in 1503. He was educated at St. Andrew's; after which he went abroad, where he imbibed the opinions of Luther. On his return home he was made Abbot of Ferne, in the shire of Ross, where he promulgated the new doctrines with so much zeal as to excite the wrath of the clergy, who caused him to be apprehended and sent to Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrew's. After a long examination he was declared contumacious, and was burnt at the stake, opposite St. Salvador's College, March 1, 1527.

printed in 1808, with the Life of the Author prefixed. Among the writers to whom the Letters of Junius have been ascribed, Mr. Hamilton is one; but there is scarcely the shadow of an argument to support the conjecture. Died, 1796.

Hamilton, Sir William, bart., diplomatist and antiquary, was a native of Scotland; born in 1730. His mother having been the nurse of George III., young Hamilton naturally obtained that prince's patronage. He became distinguished for his taste in the polite arts, employed a large portion of his life in the study of natural history, and contributed many articles to the Philosophical Transactions and the Archæologia. During his residence as ambassador from England to the court of Naples, a post to which he was appointed in 1764, and which he held for thirty-six years, he published his Campi Phlegræi,' a record of his careful and long-continued observations of Mount Vesuvius. He presented many books, manuscripts, and geological specimens to the British Museum; and, after his death, his superb collection of antique vases was purchased by Parliament for that institution. The celebrated Lady Hamilton, who took so promi

Hamilton, Captain Thomas, is chiefly known as the author of Cyril Thornton,' a novel of military adventure, combining the style of an excellent classical scholar with the graphic power and vivid feeling of one who had participated in the scenes and circumstances which he described. After serving through the Peninsular and American campaigns, Cap-nent a part in the affairs of Naples at the time tain Hamilton devoted his time chiefly to of the French invasion, was the second wife of literature, and he was a voluminous contribu- Sir William. [See following notice.] Died, tor to Blackwood's Magazine, in which 'Cyril 1803. Thornton' originally appeared. Among his other works are, Annals of the Peninsular Campaign,' and Men and Manners in America.

Hamilton, Emma, Lady, wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a female servant named Harte; and at the age of 13 she went Died, December 7, 1842, aged 53. to service as nursemaid. At 16, she went to Hamilton, William, painter, was born London, and after various adventures in low about 1750. He went to Italy when very life, she was reduced to the greatest distress. young, and was there placed under the instruc- From this state she was relieved by the infation of Zucchi, the painter of arabesque orna-mous Dr. Graham, who took her to his house, ments, at Rome. On his return to England he had considerable employment; and, in 1789, was admitted a royal academician. Died, 1801.

Hamilton, William, a Scotch poet, was born at Bangor, in Ayrshire, in 1704. He joined the Pretender in 1745, and narrowly escaped being taken after the battle of Culloden. Died,

and there exhibited her, covered with a transparent veil, under the name of the goddess Hygeia. Painters, sculptors, and others, paid their tribute of admiration at her shrine. Charles Greville (of the Warwick family) would have married her, but for the interfe rence of his uncle, Sir W. Hamilton, who, according to some accounts, made an agreement

with Greville to pay his debts, on condition | obtained first-class honours. In 1813 he was that he should give up his mistress; or, as others state the circumstance, in his endeavours to save his nephew, fell into the snare himself, and became the victim of her arts. He made her his wife in 1791; introduced her at the court of Naples, where the Queen became so infatuated with the new ambassadress, as frequently to keep her a visitor at the palace. It was there that a violent passion for each other sprang up between her and Nelson, then commanding the 'Agamemnon;' and, from that period, she became the companion of Nelson, to whom she was sometimes useful as a political agent. After the victory of Aboukir, when the conqueror was received in Naples with extravagant rejoicings, Lady Hamilton was the heroine of the crowd, and accompanied Nelson wherever he went. To her advice is attributed the ignominious death of Prince Caracciolo, the oldest and best officer in the Neapolitan navy. She died in 1816, in the neighbourhood of Calais.

Hamilton, Sir William Rowan, Astronomer Royal for Ireland, and one of the most distinguished mathematicians of the age, was born at Dublin in 1805. He was educated at Trinity College, where he studied with such distinction that he not only carried off all the honours which were attainable by a student, but was appointed, before he took his degree, to succeed Dr. Brinkley as Professor of Astronomy. About the same time (1827) he was named Astronomer Royal for Ireland, and this post he held till his death. He contributed numerous important papers to various Irish and English scientific societies, which are reckoned among the most brilliant examples of the higher analysis. Among them are memoirs on systems of rays, on a method in dynamics, on algebra as the science of pure time, on the propagation of light in vacuo and in crystals, &c. He predicted on theoretical grounds the previously unobserved and unimagined phenomenon of the conical refraction of a ray of light. This

was

one of his earliest discoveries. But though so great in his special field of thought, he was a man of wide and liberal culture, poet, metaphysician, and genial man of the world; and withal upright, modest, and kind-hearted. He received the honour of knighthood from the Lord-Lieutenant on occasion of the first meeting of the British Association in Ireland, in 1835, and two years later was chosen President of the Royal Irish Academy. Died at Dunswick Observatory, near Dublin, Sept. 2, 1865. His only separate work, the Lectures on Quaternions,' appeared in 1853: and a second series, entitled The Elements of Quaternions,' has appeared since his death. Sir W. R. Hamilton married in 1833, and a pension of 2007. has been conferred on his widow and daughter.

Hamilton, Sir William, bart., a distinguished metaphysician, was born at Glasgow, in 1788, studied first at the university of his native city, and secondly, at Oxford, where he

called to the Scottish bar; and in 1821 he was appointed Professor of Universal History in the university of Edinburgh;-but this chair was little more than an honorary appointment, and in 1836 he obtained the office for which his tastes and his studies pre-eminently qualified him-the chair of Logic and Metaphysics,which he filled with such lustre as to have regained for Scotland its former distinction in the field of metaphysics. In 1852 he published a volume under the title of Discussions in Philosophy,' consisting of essays reprinted chiefly from the Edinburgh Review, and which on their appearance had attracted attention both at home and abroad. His edition of the works of Dr. Thomas Reid, published in 1846, displays vast erudition and profound thought; and a similar award must be given to his collected edition of the works of Dugald Stewartthe publication of which began in 1854. His Lectures on Metaphysics have been published since his death, and these abundantly evince that whatever differences may hereafter agitate the schools as to the success or failure of some of his speculations, his comprehensive grasp, his inexorable analysis, his prodigious learning, truth, and honesty of dealing with the adherents of every system, will secure a universal and lasting homage. The prominent results of his labours in philosophy reduce themselves to three heads-his profound vindication of the doctrine of common sense, his elaborate discussion of the theory of perception in relation to our belief in an external world, and his enunciation of the law of the conditioned as bearing on our knowledge of the absolute and infinite. The two first are in the direct line of the Scottish school, the last is more original, or coloured with German influences; and the impulsion which he has given under this third head, if less marked by agreement amongst his followers, is more powerful, and is likely to be the next starting-point of British Philosophy. Died, 1856. A very formidable assault on Sir W. Hamilton's system has recently been made by Mr. J. S. Mill, in his 'Examination of Sir W. Hamilton's Philosophy, and of the principal Philosophical Questions discussed in his Writings.' (1865.) Mr. J. H. Stirling has also published a work entitled, Sir W. Hamilton; being the Philosophy of Perception: an Analysis."

6

Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Baron von, an eminent Oriental scholar and historian, was born at Grätz in Styria in 1774, studied at Vienna, and in 1796 became private secretary to the baron de Jenisch, then attached to the Austrian Foreign Office. In 1799 he was sent as dragoman to Constantinople, whence he was transferred to Egypt and employed as interpreter to the English army in Sir Ralph Abercromby's campaign, and was subsequently Austrian consul in Moldavia. His whole life was devoted to Oriental literature, and besides contributing papers, philological and historical, on his favourite subject to many literary

among the ruins of Hadrian's villa, and at other places in Italy; by whien he was enabled to bring to light many of the long-buried treasures of antiquity; and many collections of classical antiquities are the richer for his discoveries. He died at Rome, about 1796.

1754. Among his songs and ballads is the well-known 'Braes of Yarrow.'

Hamilton, William Gerard, a statesman who obtained the appellation of Single Speech Hamilton,' from the extraordinary impression produced by the first and almost only speech Hamilton, James, Duke of, was born in he ever made in the British parliament, was Scotland, in 1606; became a favourite at court; the son of a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, where and, when the troubles broke out in Scotland, he was born in 1729. He was educated at had the command of the fleet. In 1643 he Winchester School and Oriel College, Oxford. was created a Duke; but soon afterwards his In 1754 he was elected M. P. for Petersfield, loyalty became suspected, and he was sent pri- and the year following delivered the speech soner to Pendennis Castle, and next to St. alluded to. In 1761 he went to Ireland as Michael's Mount, in Cornwall. There he re- secretary to Lord Halifax, and in the parliament mained till 1646, when he regained his liberty of that kingdom he confirmed the reputation and went to Scotland. Being accused of hav- which he had gained in England by his oraing betrayed the King, and received a share tory. He was above twenty years Chancellor of the money, to wipe off this disgrace he of the Exchequer in Ireland, but retired from raised some forces, and entered England; public life in 1784. His works, consisting of but was defeated at Preston, in Lancashire,Parliamentary Logic,' 'Speeches,' &c., were August 17, 1648, and sent to Windsor Castle. printed in 1808, with the Life of the Author After a summary trial before Bradshaw, he was beheaded, March 9, 1648-9.-His brother William, who succeeded him in the title, was mortally wounded at the battle of Worcester, September 3, 1651.

Hamilton, Patrick, the first Scotch reformer, was nephew to James, Earl of Arran, and was born in 1503. He was educated at St. Andrew's; after which he went abroad, where he imbibed the opinions of Luther. On his return home he was made Abbot of Ferne, in the shire of Ross, where he promulgated the new doctrines with so much zeal as to excite the wrath of the clergy, who caused him to be apprehended and sent to Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrew's. After a long examination he was declared contumacious, and was burnt at the stake, opposite St. Salvador's College, March 1, 1527.

prefixed. Among the writers to whom the Letters of Junius have been ascribed, Mr. Hamilton is one; but there is scarcely the shadow of an argument to support the conjecture. Died, 1796.

born

Hamilton, Sir William, bart., diplomatist and antiquary, was a native of Scotland; in 1730. His mother having been the nurse of George III., young Hamilton naturally obtained that prince's patronage. He became distinguished for his taste in the polite arts, employed a large portion of his life in the study of natural history, and contributed many articles to the Philosophical Transactions and the Archæologia. During his residence as ambassador from England to the court of Naples, a post to which he was appointed in 1764, and which he held for thirty-six years, he published his Campi Phlegræi,' a record of Hamilton, Captain Thomas, is chiefly his careful and long-continued observations of known as the author of Cyril Thornton,' a Mount Vesuvius. He presented many books, novel of military adventure, combining the manuscripts, and geological specimens to the style of an excellent classical scholar with the British Museum; and, after his death, his graphic power and vivid feeling of one who had superb collection of antique vases was purparticipated in the scenes and circumstances chased by Parliament for that institution. The which he described. After serving through celebrated Lady Hamilton, who took so promithe Peninsular and American campaigns, Cap-nent a part in the affairs of Naples at the time tain Hamilton devoted his time chiefly to of the French invasion, was the second wife of literature, and he was a voluminous contribu- Sir William. [See following notice.] Died, tor to Blackwood's Magazine, in which 'Cyril 1803. Thornton' originally appeared. Among his other works are, Annals of the Peninsular Campaign,' and Men and Manners in America. Died, December 7, 1842, aged 53.

6

Hamilton, William, a Scotch poet, was born at Bangor, in Ayrshire, in 1704. He joined the Pretender in 1745, and narrowly escaped being taken after the battle of Culloden. Died,

Hamilton, Emma, Lady, wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a female servant named Harte; and at the age of 13 she went to service as nursemaid. At 16, she went to London, and after various adventures in low life, she was reduced to the greatest distress. From this state she was relieved by the infamous Dr. Graham, who took her to his house, and there exhibited her, covered with a transparent veil, under the name of the goddess Hygeia. Painters, sculptors, and others, paid their tribute of admiration at her shrine. Charles Greville (of the Warwick family) would have married her, but for the interference of his uncle, Sir W. Hamilton, who, according to some accounts, made an agreement