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with Greville to pay his debts, on condition | obtained first-class honours. In 1813 he was
that he should give up his mistress; or, as called to the Scottish bar; and in 1821 he was
others state the circumstance, in his endeavours appointed Professor of Universal History in the
to save his nephew, fell into the snare himself, university of Edinburgh;-but this chair was
and became the victim of her arts. He made little more than an honorary appointment, and
her his wife in 1791; introduced her at the in 1836 he obtained the office for which his
court of Naples, where the Queen became so tastes and his studies pre-eminently qualified
infatuated with the new ambassadress, as fre- him-the chair of Logic and Metaphysics,-
quently to keep her a visitor at the palace. It was which he filled with such lustre as to have re-
there that a violent passion for each other sprang gained for Scotland its former distinction in
up between her and Nelson, then commanding the field of metaphysics. In 1852 he published
the 'Agamemnon;' and, from that period, she a volume under the title of Discussions in
became the companion of Nelson, to whom she Philosophy,' consisting of essays reprinted
was sometimes useful as a political agent. chiefly from the Edinburgh Review, and which
After the victory of Aboukir, when the con- on their appearance had attracted attention
queror was received in Naples with extravagant both at home and abroad. His edition of the
rejoicings, Lady Hamilton was the heroine of works of Dr. Thomas Reid, published in 1846,
the crowd, and accompanied Nelson wherever displays vast erudition and profound thought;
he went. To her advice is attributed the ig- and a similar award must be given to his col-
nominious death of Prince Caracciolo, the lected edition of the works of Dugald Stewart-
oldest and best officer in the Neapolitan navy. the publication of which began in 1854. His
She died in 1816, in the neighbourhood of Lectures on Metaphysics' have been pub-
Calais.
lished since his death, and these abundantly
evince that whatever differences may hereafter
agitate the schools as to the success or failure
of some of his speculations, his comprehensive
grasp, his inexorable analysis, his prodigious
learning, truth, and honesty of dealing with
the adherents of every system, will secure a
universal and lasting homage. The prominent
results of his labours in philosophy reduce
themselves to three heads-his profound vindi-
cation of the doctrine of common sense, his
elaborate discussion of the theory of perception
in relation to our belief in an external world,
and his enunciation of the law of the condi-
tioned as bearing on our knowledge of the ab-
solute and infinite. The two first are in the
direct line of the Scottish school, the last is
more original, or coloured with German influ-
ences; and the impulsion which he has given
under this third head, if less marked by agree-
ment amongst his followers, is more powerful,
and is likely to be the next starting-point of
British Philosophy. Died, 1856. A very for-
midable assault on Sir W. Hamilton's system
has recently been made by Mr. J. S. Mill, in
his 'Examination of Sir W. Hamilton's Phi-
losophy, and of the principal Philosophical
Questions discussed in his Writings.' (1865.)
Mr. J. H. Stirling has also published a work
entitled, 'Sir W. Hamilton; being the Philoso-
phy of Perception: an Analysis.'

Hamilton, Sir William Rowan, Astronomer Royal for Ireland, and one of the most distinguished mathematicians of the age, was born at Dublin in 1805. He was educated at Trinity College, where he studied with such distinction that he not only carried off all the honours which were attainable by a student, but was appointed, before he took his degree, to succeed Dr. Brinkley as Professor of Astronomy. About the same time (1827) he was named Astronomer Royal for Ireland, and this post he held till his death. He contributed numerous important papers to various Irish and English scientific societies, which are reckoned among the most brilliant examples of the higher analysis. Among them are memoirs on systems of rays, on a method in dynamics, on algebra as the science of pure time, on the propagation of light in vacuo and in crystals, &c. He predicted on theoretical grounds the previously unobserved and unimagined phenomenon of the conical refraction of a ray of light. This one of his earliest discoveries. But though so great in his special field of thought, he was a man of wide and liberal culture, poet, metaphysician, and genial man of the world; and withal upright, modest, and kind-hearted. He received the honour of knighthood from the Lord-Lieutenant on occasion of the first meeting of the British Association in Ireland, in 1835, and two years later was chosen President of the Royal Irish Academy. Died at Dunswick Observatory, near Dublin, Sept. 2, 1865. His only separate work, the 'Lectures on Quaternions,' appeared in 1853: and a second series, entitled 'The Elements of Quaternions,' has appeared since his death. Sir W. R. Hamilton married in 1833, and a pension of 2001. has been conferred on his widow and daughter.

was

Hamilton, Sir William, bart., a distinguished metaphysician, was born at Glasgow, in 1788, studied first at the university of his native city, and secondly, at Oxford, where he

Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Baron von,
an eminent Oriental scholar and historian, was
born at Grätz in Styria in 1774, studied at
Vienna, and in 1796 became private secretary
to the baron de Jenisch, then attached to the
Austrian Foreign Office. In 1799 he was sent
as dragoman to Constantinople, whence he was
transferred to Egypt and employed as inter-
preter to the English army in Sir Ralph Aber-
cromby's campaign, and was subsequently
His whole life
Austrian consul in Moldavia.
was devoted to Oriental literature, and besides
contributing papers, philological and historical,
on his favourite subject to many literary

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journals, he published numerous independent | posed by the King. His refusal was without works, of which his History of the Assassins,' passion but firm; his resolution was to have and History of the Ottoman Empire,' may be the question of right tried in his own person. considered the chief. His last years were Proceedings were instituted against him, and spent at his estate of Purgstall in the Tyrol. in the following year the trial took place, and Died, 1856. lasted thirteen days. The decision was against Hampden, but it made him more than ever the favourite of the people, who felt it as a heavy blow fallen on their liberties. Its tendency was to consolidate the party opposed to arbitrary power, and to hasten the crisis of civil war. Hampden and other members were impeached by the King, who made an unsuccessful attempt to seize them. At the commencement of the war Hampden levied a body of troops, and served under Essex. He displayed great ability, vigour, and energy both as a soldier and as a member of the committee of Public Safety. But his country was too soon deprived of his services; for in a skirmish with Prince Rupert at Chalgrove, June 18, 1643, he was severely wounded, and died at Thame on the 24th. In 1828, his body was disinterred by Lord Nugent, in the presence of several other persons, in order to ascertain the cause of death. A narrative of the ghastly transaction will be found in the 'Gentleman's Magazine,' for August, 1828. There is a good Life of Hampden by J. Forster, and an interesting volume of Memorials' by Lord Nugent. A bust of Hampden is in the National Portrait Gallery, and a noble statue, by Foley, is placed in St. Stephen's Hall, Westminster.

Hammond, Henry, D.D., one of the most learned English divines of the 17th century, was born at Chertsey, in Surrey, in 1605. His father, Dr. John Hammond, was Professor of Greek at Cambridge, and physician to Henry, Prince of Wales. The Prince was godfather to him, and gave him his own name. He was educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford, of which he became a fellow in 1625; was an indefatigable student and reader, and having taken orders was presented, in 1633, to the rectory of Penshurst in Kent, by the Earl of Leicester. In 1639 he graduated D.D., was a member of Convocation the next year, and subsequently Archdeacon of Chichester. During his residence at Penshurst, his nephew, (Sir) William Temple, was placed under his charge as a pupil. In 1643 he had to quit Penshurst and live in seclusion at Oxford; assisted on the King's side at the treaty of Uxbridge; was made canon of Christchurch, university orator, and chaplain to Charles I., whom he was for some time permitted to attend. At the close of 1647, no longer allowed to do so, he returned to Oxford; was deprived soon after of his office of sub-dean of Christchurch, but continued his studies and writing. After the King's execution he went to live at Westwood, in Worcestershire, and there spent the rest of his life. The works of Dr. Hammond were collected and edited after his death by William Fulman, and appeared in 4 fols. folio, in 1684. His most important work is the 'Paraphrase and Annotations on the New Testament,' first published in 1653. It was translated into Latin by Leclerc. Died, April

24, 1660.

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Handel, George Frederick, the illustrious musical composer, was born at Halle, in Saxony, in 1684. His father, who intended him for the law, discouraged his propensity to music as much as possible, and forbade him to touch an instrument. The boy, however, contrived to have a small clavichord concealed in the garret, where he used to amuse himself when the family were asleep. At the age of 7 he went with his father to the court of the Hampden, John, one of the illustrious Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, to whom Handel's statesmen of the Commonwealth, was born at brother-in-law was valet. While there he London in 1594. He was the head of a sometimes went into the organ-loft at church, wealthy family which had been settled in and played after service was over. On one of Buckinghamshire before the Norman Conquest, these occasions, the Duke heard him. Upon and was cousin to Oliver Cromwell. He was this he urged the father to place his son under educated at Oxford, and then studied law at Zuckau, the organist of the cathedral at Halle, the Inner Temple. In 1619 he married, and a man equally capable and disposed to do continued to live as a country gentleman till justice to so promising a pupil. At the age of 1625, when he was returned to parliament for 9, Handel composed a church service, for voices the borough of Grampound. His sympathies and instruments; and when he was 14 he far were with the popular party, but he did not at excelled his master and was sent to Berlin. first take a prominent part in debate. In 1626 On the death of his father, in 1703, he prohe was one of those who refused to contribute ceeded to Hamburg, then celebrated for the to the general loan required by the King, and excellence of its musical performances, and was imprisoned. After being unconditionally procured an engagement there, in the orchestra set free, he began to take an active part in at the opera. In 1704 he brought out his first affairs, and his reputation grew rapidly. He opera, Almeria.' Soon after this he visited was several times returned member for Wen- Italy, and at Florence produced the opera of dover, and finally for his own county of Rodrigo.' He subsequently went to Venice, Buckinghamshire, for which he sat in the Long Naples, and Rome; and having remained in Parliament. In 1636 he set the example of Italy about six years, he accepted the pressing refusing to pay the ship-money, a tax devised invitations he had received to visit London, by Attorney-general Noy, and arbitrarily im- and arrived in England at the latter end of

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1710. The flattering reception he experienced | England in the reign of Charles I., and reinduced him to prolong his stay, and he finally mained here sixteen years. Died, 1680. resolved to settle in England, where he rose, during the fifty years which followed, to the height of professional fame. A pension was granted him, which was very soon doubled; he worked almost incessantly at composition especially of operas; and was chosen manager of a new Academy of Music. But his course was not smooth, for a party of the nobility set themselves against and harassed him with all sorts of vulgar persecution. He went to Dublin for a brief respite. In 1741 he brought out his chef-d'œuvre, the oratorio of the Messiah; and although this sublime composition was not at first duly appreciated, yet its vast merits were soon made known, and it has increased constantly in reputation. It has that one decisive mark of highest excellence, that it fascinates alike the educated musician and the uneducated crowd. It stands the test of familiarity, and is loved the more the better it is known. The other great oratorios of Handel are Israel in Egypt,' Saul,'Samson,' 'Judas Maccabæus,' 'Joshua,' 'Solomon,' and 'Jephthah.' A very small part of Handel's compositions have been published, the rest being still preserved in manuscript. Some time previous to his decease, Handel was totally blind; but he continued not only to perform in public, but even to compose, till within a week of his death, which took place in London, in 1759. Handel's manners were rough, and his temper violent; but his heart was humane, and his disposition liberal. In boldness and strength of style, and in the combination of vigour, grace, invention, and sublimity, he has never been surpassed. This great composer was buried in Westminster Abbey, where a monument is erected to his memory. His hundredth birthday was celebrated by a musical 'Commemoration' in Westminster Abbey; and the centenary of his death was celebrated by a festival at Halle. There is a recent Life of Handel,' by Victor Schoelcher. His portrait, by Hudson, is in the National Portrait Gallery. Handel Festivals on a grand scale have been celebrated at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, in 1859, 1862, and 1865.

Hannibal, the great Carthaginian general, was born B.C. 247. He was son of Hamilcar Barca, and when nine years of age swore, by his father's command, eternal enmity to the Romans, as the condition of accompanying him to Spain. He learned the art of war under his father there, and was present at the battle in which he fell. Hannibal was then eighteen, and after serving six years under Hasdrubal, who was assassinated B.C. 221, he became commander-in-chief of the Carthaginian army. To complete the conquest of all Spain south of the Ebro, he besieged the city of Saguntum, and after a heroic defence of eight months, took it. The city being in alliance with Rome, its fall was the occasion of the great war between Rome and Carthage known as the Second Punic War. Hannibal at once prepared for the invasion of Italy, and in the spring of B.C. 218 he set out on the arduous march from the Ebro, through hostile and unknown countries, across great rivers and mountain-chains, to the Po. His army, composed of Africans and Spaniards, was greatly reduced in numbers by the withdrawal of a large body, and by losses on the march; but he crossed the Pyrenees, forced the passage of the Rhone before Scipio arrived to oppose it, and in October made the passage of the Alps in fifteen days. The terrible hardships of this enterprise cost him a very large number of his troops, both foot and horse, and elephants. The first engagement took place near the Ticinus, and resulted in the defeat of the Romans. The battle of the Trebia was fought towards the end of December, and the Romans were again defeated. Hannibal was joined by the Gaulish tribes, and took up his winter quarters among them. In the spring of 217 he defeated the consul Flaminius on the shores of Lake Trasimenus, and destroyed the Roman army. So fierce was the struggle that a shock of earthquake passed unfelt by the armies engaged. Hannibal advanced southward, and passed the Apennines into Apulia, harassed however by the new policy of the cautious Fabius, who avoided fighting. In the spring of 216 Hannibal won Hanmer, Sir Thomas, an English states- the great victory of Cannæ, and again deman and writer, was born in 1676, and suc- stroyed the Roman army. After this victory ceeded his uncle in his title and the family almost all south Italy declared for him, and estate of Hanmer. He was elected M.P. for he went into winter quarters at Capua. From Suffolk, and, in 1713, chosen Speaker of the that time the war changed its character, and it House of Commons, an office which he dis- is not possible here to give even a summary of charged with great impartiality. Towards the its progress. The conquest and loss of Tarenclose of his life he withdrew altogether from tum, the loss of Capua, the defeat and death of public business, and occupied himself with Hasdrubal at the battle of the Metaurus in literature; the fruits of which appeared in a 207, still left Hannibal strong enough to hold corrected and illustrated edition of Shak-his ground in the southern extremity of Italy for speare's dramatic works, in 6 vols. 4to. Died, 1746.

Hanneman, Adrian, an eminent historical and portrait painter, was born at the Hague, in 1611. He imitated Vandyke so closely, that his portraits are not often to be distinguished from those of that great master. He came to

four years longer; but in 203 the scene of war was changed to Africa, and in the following year Scipio finally defeated Hannibal at the battle of Zama, and peace was concluded. The great Carthaginian did not lose hope, but applied himself to political and financial reforms and preparation for fresh war. His

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journals, he published numerous independent | posed by the King. His refusal was without works, of which his History of the Assassins,' passion but firm; his resolution was to have and History of the Ottoman Empire,' may be the question of right tried in his own person. considered the chief. His last years were Proceedings were instituted against him, and spent at his estate of Purgstall in the Tyrol. in the following year the trial took place, and Died, 1856. lasted thirteen days. The decision was against Hampden, but it made him more than ever the favourite of the people, who felt it as a heavy blow fallen on their liberties. Its tendency was to consolidate the party opposed to arbitrary power, and to hasten the crisis of civil war. Hampden and other members were impeached by the King, who made an unsuccess

ment of the war Hampden levied a body of troops, and served under Essex. He displayed great ability, vigour, and energy both as a soldier and as a member of the committee of Public Safety. But his country was too soon deprived of his services; for in a skirmish with Prince Rupert at Chalgrove, June 18, 1643, he was severely wounded, and died at Thame on the 24th. In 1828, his body was disinterred by Lord Nugent, in the presence of several other persons, in order to ascertain the cause of death. A narrative of the ghastly transaction will be found in the Gentleman's Magazine,' for August, 1828. There is a good Life of Hampden by J. Forster, and an interesting volume of Memorials' by Lord Nugent. A bust of Hampden is in the National Portrait Gallery, and a noble statue, by Foley, is placed in St. Stephen's Hall, Westminster.

Hammond, Henry, D.D., one of the most learned English divines of the 17th century, was born at Chertsey, in Surrey, in 1605. His father, Dr. John Hammond, was Professor of Greek at Cambridge, and physician to Henry, Prince of Wales. The Prince was godfather to him, and gave him his own name. He was educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Ox-ful attempt to seize them. At the commenceford, of which he became a fellow in 1625; was an indefatigable student and reader, and having taken orders was presented, in 1633, to the rectory of Penshurst in Kent, by the Earl of Leicester. In 1639 he graduated D.D., was a member of Convocation the next year, and subsequently Archdeacon of Chichester. During his residence at Penshurst, his nephew, (Sir) William Temple, was placed under his charge as a pupil. In 1643 he had to quit Penshurst and live in seclusion at Oxford; assisted on the King's side at the treaty of Uxbridge; was made canon of Christchurch, university orator, and chaplain to Charles I., whom he was for some time permitted to attend. At the close of 1647, no longer allowed to do so, he returned to Oxford; was deprived soon after of his office of sub-dean of Christchurch, but continued his studies and writing. After the King's execution he went to live at Westwood, in Worcestershire, and there spent the rest of his life. The works of Dr. Hammond were collected and edited after his death by William Fulman, and appeared in 4 fols. folio, in 1684. His most important work is the · Paraphrase and Annotations on the New Testament,' first published in 1653. It was translated into Latin by Leclerc. Died, April

24, 1660.

Hampden, John, one of the illustrious statesmen of the Commonwealth, was born at London in 1594. He was the head of a wealthy family which had been settled in Buckinghamshire before the Norman Conquest, and was cousin to Oliver Cromwell. He was educated at Oxford, and then studied law at the Inner Temple. In 1619 he married, and continued to live as a country gentleman till 1625, when he was returned to parliament for the borough of Grampound. His sympathies were with the popular party, but he did not at first take a prominent part in debate. In 1626 he was one of those who refused to contribute to the general loan required by the King, and was imprisoned. After being unconditionally set free, he began to take an active part in affairs, and his reputation grew rapidly. He was several times returned member for Wendover, and finally for his own county of Buckinghamshire, for which he sat in the Long Parliament. In 1636 he set the example of refusing to pay the ship-money, a tax devised by Attorney-general Noy, and arbitrarily im

Handel, George Frederick, the illustrious musical composer, was born at Halle, in Saxony, in 1684. His father, who intended him for the law, discouraged his propensity to music as much as possible, and forbade him to touch an instrument. The boy, however, contrived to have a small clavichord concealed in the garret, where he used to amuse himself when the family were asleep. At the age of 7 he went with his father to the court of the Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, to whom Handel's brother-in-law was valet. While there he sometimes went into the organ-loft at church, and played after service was over. On one of these occasions, the Duke heard him. Upon this he urged the father to place his son under Zuckau, the organist of the cathedral at Halle, a man equally capable and disposed to do justice to so promising a pupil. At the age of 9, Handel composed a church service, for voices and instruments; and when he was 14 he far excelled his master and was sent to Berlin. On the death of his father, in 1703, he proceeded to Hamburg, then celebrated for the excellence of its musical performances, and procured an engagement there, in the orchestra at the opera. În 1704 he brought out his first opera, Almeria. Soon after this he visited Italy, and at Florence produced the opera of Rodrigo.' He subsequently went to Venice, Naples, and Rome; and having remained in Italy about six years, he accepted the pressing invitations he had received to visit London, and arrived in England at the latter end of

1710. The flattering reception he experienced | England in the reign of Charles I., and reinduced him to prolong his stay, and he finally mained here sixteen years. Died, 1680. resolved to settle in England, where he rose, during the fifty years which followed, to the height of professional fame. A pension was granted him, which was very soon doubled; he worked almost incessantly at composition especially of operas; and was chosen manager of a new Academy of Music. But his course was not smooth, for a party of the nobility set themselves against and harassed him with all sorts of vulgar persecution. He went to Dublin for a brief respite. In 1741 he brought out his chef-d'œuvre, the oratorio of the Messiah;' and although this sublime composition was not at first duly appreciated, yet its vast merits were soon made known, and it has increased constantly in reputation. It has that one decisive mark of highest excellence, that it fascinates alike the educated musician and the uneducated crowd. It stands the test of familiarity, and is loved the more the better it is known. The other great oratorios of Handel are Israel in Egypt,'Saul,' Samson,' 'Judas Maccabæus,' 'Joshua,' Solomon,' and 'Jephthah. A very small part of Handel's compositions have been published, the rest being still preserved in manuscript. Some time previous to his decease, Handel was totally blind; but he continued not only to perform in public, but even to compose, till within a week of his death, which took place in London, in 1759. Handel's manners were rough, and his temper violent; but his heart was humane, and his disposition liberal. In boldness and strength of style, and in the combination of vigour, grace, invention, and sublimity, he has never been surpassed. This great composer was buried in Westminster Abbey, where a morument is erected to his memory. His hundredth birthday was celebrated by a musical 'Commemoration' in Westminster Abbey; and the centenary of his death was celebrated by a festival at Halle. There is a recent 'Life of Handel,' by Victor Schoelcher. His portrait, by Hudson, is in the National Portrait Gallery. Handel Festivals on a grand scale have been celebrated at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, in 1859, 1862, and 1865.

Hannibal, the great Carthaginian general, was born B.C. 247. He was son of Hamilcar Barca, and when nine years of age swore, by his father's command, eternal enmity to the Romans, as the condition of accompanying him to Spain. He learned the art of war under his father there, and was present at the battle in which he fell. Hannibal was then eighteen, and after serving six years under Hasdrubal, who was assassinated B.C. 221, he became commander-in-chief of the Carthaginian army. To complete the conquest of all Spain south of the Ebro, he besieged the city of Saguntum, and after a heroic defence of eight months, took it. The city being in alliance with Rome, its fall was the occasion of the great war between Rome and Carthage known as the Second Punic War. Hannibal at once prepared for the invasion of Italy, and in the spring of B.C. 218 he set out on the arduous march from the Ebro, through hostile and unknown countries, across great rivers and mountain-chains, to the Po. His army, composed of Africans and Spaniards, was greatly reduced in numbers by the withdrawal of a large body, and by losses on the march; but he crossed the Pyrenees, forced the passage of the Rhone before Scipio arrived to oppose it, and in October made the passage of the Alps in fifteen days. The terrible hardships of this enterprise cost him a very large number of his troops, both foot and horse, and elephants. The first engagement took place near the Ticinus, and resulted in the defeat of the Romans. The battle of the Trebia was fought towards the end of December, and the Romans were again defeated. Hannibal was joined by the Gaulish tribes, and took up his winter quarters among them. In the spring of 217 he defeated the consul Flaminius on the shores of Lake Trasimenus, and destroyed the Roman army. So fierce was the struggle that a shock of earthquake passed unfelt by the armies engaged. Hannibal advanced southward, and passed the Apennines into Apulia, harassed however by the new policy of the cautious Fabius, who avoided fighting. In the spring of 216 Hannibal won Hanmer, Sir Thomas, an English states- the great victory of Cannæ, and again deman and writer, was born in 1676, and suc-stroyed the Roman army. After this victory ceeded his uncle in his title and the family almost all south Italy declared for him, and estate of Hanmer. He was elected M.P. for he went into winter quarters at Capua. From Suffolk, and, in 1713, chosen Speaker of the that time the war changed its character, and it House of Commons, an office which he dis- is not possible here to give even a summary of charged with great impartiality. Towards the close of his life he withdrew altogether from public business, and occupied himself with literature; the fruits of which appeared in a corrected and illustrated edition of Shakspeare's dramatic works, in 6 vols. 4to. Died,

its progress. The conquest and loss of Tarentum, the loss of Capua, the defeat and death of Hasdrubal at the battle of the Metaurus in 207, still left Hannibal strong enough to hold his ground in the southern extremity of Italy for four years longer; but in 203 the scene of war was changed to Africa, and in the following Hanneman, Adrian, an eminent historical year Scipio finally defeated Hannibal at the and portrait painter, was born at the Hague, battle of Zama, and peace was concluded. The in 1611. He imitated Vandyke so closely, that great Carthaginian did not lose hope, but aphis portraits are not often to be distinguished plied himself to political and financial refrom those of that great master. He came to forms and preparation for fresh war.

1746.

His

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