а

Sec. Art.

to the existence of such laws, and by them only declared criminal, are contrary to the principles of free government; wherefore no ex post facto law

shall be made. 20. I. That no retrospective law, or law

impairing the obligation of con

tracts, shall be made. 3. IX. Any person who shall, after the

adoption of this Constitution, fight a duel or knowingly be the bearer of a challenge to fight a duel, or send or accept a challenge for that purpose, or be an aider or a bettor in fighting a duel, shall be deprived of the right to hold any office of honor or profit in this State, and shall be punished otherwise, in such manner as the Legislature may prescribe.

Sec. Art. 16. I. No bill of attainder, ex post facto

law, retroactive law, or any law impairing the obligation of con

tracts, shall be made 15. XVI. All property, both real and per.

sonal, of the wife, owned or claimed by her before marriage, and that acquired afterward by gift, devise or descent, shall be her separate property; and laws shall be passed more clearly defining the rights of the wife in relation as well to her separate property as that held in common with her husband. Laws shall also be passed providing for the registration of the wife's separate property.

16. X. The declaration of rights, hereto

prefixed, is declared to be a part of the Constitution of this State, and shall never be violated on any pretense whatever. And to guard against transgression of the high powers we have delegated, we declare that everything in this bill of rights contained is excepted out of the general powers of the government, and shall forever remain inviolate.

VERMONT. 17. That no person in this state can,

in any case, be subjected to law martial, or to any penalties or pains by virtue of that law, except those employed in the army,

and the militia in actual service. 39. Every person of good character

who comes to settle in this State, having first taken an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the same, may purchase, or by other means acquire, hold or transfer land, or other real estate; and after one year's residence shall be deemed a free denizen there. of, and entitled to all rights of a natural born subject of this State, except that he shall not be capable of being elected Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Treasurer, Councillor or Representative in Assembly, until after two years' residence.

TEXAS. 1. I. Texas is a free and independent

State, subject only to the Constitution of the United States; and the maintenance of our free institutions and the perpetuity of the Union depend upon the preservation of the right of local sell-government unimpaired to all the States,

VIRGINIA. 2. I. That this State shall ever remain

a member of the United States

are

Sec. Art.

of America, and that the people thereof are a part of the Amerlcan nation, and that all attempts, from whatever source or upon whatever pretext, to dissolve said union or to sever said nation unauthorized, and ought to be resisted with the

whole power of the State. 3. I. That the Constitution of the United

States and the laws of Congress passed in pursuance thereof constitute the supreme law of the land, to which paramount allegiance and obedience are due from every citizen, anything in the Constitution, ordinances or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.

Sec. Art.

not delegated to it, nor inhibited to the States, are reserved to the States or to the people there01. Among the powers SO reserved to the States is the exclusive regulation of their own internal government and police; and it is the high and solemn duty of the several departments of government, created by this Constitution, to guard and pro. tect the people of this State from all encroachments upon

the rights so reserved. 2. II. The powers of government reside

in all the citizens of the State, and can be rightfully exercised only in accordance with their

will and appointment. 10. IV. Any citizen of this State who shall,

after the adoption of this Constitution, either in or out of the State, fight a duel with deadly weapons, or send or accept a challenge so to do, or who shall act as second or knowingly aid or assist in such duel, shall ever thereafter be incapable of holding any office of honor, trust or

profit in this State. 49. VI. The Legislature shall pass such

laws as may be necessary to protect the property of married women from the debts, liabilities and control of their husbands.

WISCONSIN. 12. I. No bill of attainder, ex post facto

law, nor any law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed; and no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate.

WYOMING. 22. I. The rights of labor shall have just

protection through laws calcu

Sec. Art.

lated to secure to the laborer proper rewards for his services and to promote the industrial

welfare of the State. 35. I. No ex post facto law, nor any law

impairing the obligation of contracts, or making Irrevocable any grant of special privileges

or immunities, shall be passed. 37. I. The State of Wyoming is an in

separable part of the Federal Union, and the Constitution of the United States is the supreme

law of the land. 19. I. The following article shall be ir

revocable without the consent of the United States and the people

of this State: The State of Wyoming is an insep

arable part of the Federal Union and the Constitution of the United States is the supreme law

of the land. It shall be unlawful for any per

son, company or corporation to require from its servants or employes, as a condition of their employment or otherwise, any contract or agreement, whereby such person, company or corpor

Sec. Art.

ation shall be released or discharged from liability or responsibility on account of personal injuries received by such servants or employes while in the service of such person, company or corporation by reason of the negligence of such person, company or corporation, or the agents or employes thereof, and such contracts shall be absolute

ly null and void. No person not a citizen of the

United States or who has not declared his intention to become such shall be employed upon or in connection with any State, county or municipal works or

employment. Eight (8) hours' actual work shall

constitute a lawful day's work in all mines, and on all State

and municipal works. 2. XIX. The Legislature shall, by appro

priate legislation, see that the provisions of the foregoing sec

tion are enforced. 4. XXI. All fines, penalties, forfeitures and

escheats accruing to the Territor of Wyoming shall accrue to the use of the State.

Sec. Art.

ing a citizen of the same, of the age of twenty-one years, who has resided in

the

State twelve months, and in the county six months, and in the voting precinct or ward one month next preceding any election, where he may propose to vote, shall be entitled to vote at all elections by the people.

Sec. Art.

ALABAMA. 38. I. No educational or property qual

ification for suffrage or office, nor any restraint upon the same on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude, shall be

made by law. 1. VIII. Every male citizen of the United

States, and every male person of foreign birth who may have legally declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States before he offers to vote, who is twenty-one years old, or upwards, possessing the following qualifications, shall be an elector and shall be entitled to vote at any election by the people, except as hereinafter provided: First — He shall have resided in this State at least one year immediately preceding the election at which he offers to vote. Second - He shall have resided in the county for three months, and in the precinct or ward for thirty days immediately preceding the election at which he offers to vote: Provided, That the General Assembly may prescribe a longer or shorter residence in any precinct in any county, or in any ward in any Incorporated city or town having a population of more than five thousand inhabitants, but in no case to exceed three months; and provided, that no soldier, sailor or marine, in the military or naval service of the United States, shall acquire a residence by being stationed in this State.

CALIFORNIA. 24 I. No property qualification shall

ever be required for any person

to vote or hold office. 1. II. Every native male citizen of the

United States, every male person who shall have acquired the rights of citizenship under or by virtue of the treaty of Queretaro, and every male naturalized citizen thereof, who shall have become such ninety days prior to any election, of the age of twenty-one years, who shall have been a resident of the State one year next preceding the election, and of the county in which he claims his vote ninety days, and in the election precinct thirty days, shall be entitled to vote at all elections which are now or may hereafter be authorized by law: Provided, No native of China, no idiot, insane person, or person convicted of any infamous crime, and no person hereafter convicted of the embezzlement or misappropriation of public money, shall ever exercise the privileges of an elector in this State.

ARKANSAS. 1. VIII. Every male citizen of the United

States, or male person who has declared his intention of becom

COLORADO. 1. VII. Every male person over the age

of twenty-one years, possessing the following qualifications, shall be entitled to vote at all eleotions;