plainly fhew Defign, Reafon, and Contrivance, than this very Act of Nature doth the Contrivance and

erat occlufum, in medio tamen, exili foramine, per quod Turundam facilè tranfmifi, erat pervium, pag. 30. So Mr. Cowper (than whom none more accurate and a better Judge) faith, I have often found the Foramen Ovale open in the Adult. Anat. Append. Fig. 3. But Mr. Chefelden is of a different Opinion. Of which in the following Note.

From fomewhat of this caufe I am apt to think it was that the Tronningholm Gardiner escaped drowning, and fome others mentioned by Pechlin. His Stories are, Hortulanus Tronning holmenfis etiamnum vivens, annos natus 65, pro illà ætate fatis adhuc valens vegetus, cum ante 18 annos, alii in aquas delapfo opem ferre vellet, forte fortuna ipfe per glaciem incautiùs procedens, aquas incidit 18 ulnas profundas: ubi ille, corpore erecto quafi ad perpendiculum. pedibus fundo adhæfit. Conftitit fic per 16 horas, antequam produceretur in auras. Dixit autem, fimul ac infra aquarum fuperficiem fuit demerfus, ftatim obriguiffe totum,, fi quem tum habuit motum & fenfum, amififfe, nifi quod fonantes Stockolmii campanas etiam fub aquis obfcurius percipere fibi fit vifus. Senfit etiam, ftatim fefe velut veficulam ori applicaffe, adeo ut aqua nulla os penetraverit, in aures vero tranfitum, etiam fentiente illo, habuerit; atque inde auditum fuum debilitatum aliquandiu effe. Hoc ftatu dum 16 horas permanfit fruftra quafitus, tandem repertum, conto in caput infixo, cujus etiam fenfum fe habuiffe dixit, fundo extraxerunt, sperantes ex more aut perfuafione gentis revicturum effe. Itaque pannis linteifque productum obvolvunt, ne aer admitti poffit perniciofus futurus fubito illapfu: cuftoditum fic fatis ab aere fenfim fenfimque tepidiori loco admovent, mox calidis adoriuntur fafciis, fricant, radunt, & fufflaminatum tot boris fanguinis corporifque motum negotiosâ illâ operâ reducunt: denique antapoplecticis genialibus liquoribus vite reddunt & priftine mobilitati. Retulit is atque offendit fe etiamnum in capite circumferre veftigia violentia à conto illata, & cephalalgiis vexari graviffimis. Et propter hunc ipfum cafum, religiosè à popularibus,

hujufce rei teftibus probatum, Sereniffima Regina matris munifi centia & annuo ftipendio eft donatus — Serenif. Principi. oblatus, vivus fui teftisConfignatam manu habes Hiftoriam D. Tilaf, Biblioth. Reg. Prefecti, qui teftatus eft fe pranovisse mulierem, que tres ipfos dies fub aquis hefit, & fimilem in modum, quo Hortulanus ille, refufcitata, adhuc dum lucis plenâ fruitur ufurâ. Accedit Nob. Burmanni fides, qui confeffus eft,fe in pago Bonefs parochia Pithovie concionem frequentale fune

brem

and Defign of the great GOD of Nature? What is Thought and Contrivance, if this be not? namely, that there should be a Temporary part in the Body, made just for the prefent Exigence; to continue whilft there is occafion for it, and to cease when there is none; in fome Creatures to remain always, by reafon of their amphibious way of living, and in Land-Animals (purely fuch) to cease?

Another excellent Contrivance, a-kin to the laft, is for the Prefervation of fuch Creatures whofe occa

7

brem, in quâ, dum alta recenseret Præco Senis cujusdam ¶ àgenarii Laur. Joneaudiverit ex ore Concionatoris, vivum eum, adolef centem 17 annorum, aquis fubmerfum, 7 demum hebdomada (rem prodigiofam !) extractum ad je rediiffe vivum & incolumem. Pechlin. de Acr. & Alim. def. c. 10.

Shall we to this Caufe, or to the Offification, or more than ordinary Strength of the Wind-pipe, attribute the recovery to Life of Perfons hanged? Of which Pechlin gives an Inftance that fell under his own Knowledge, of a Woman hanged, and in all appearance Dead, but recovered by a Phyfician accidentally coming in, with a plentiful Adminiftration of Spir. Sal Armon, Pechl. ib. c. 7. And the Story of Ann Green, executed at Oxford. Dec. 14. 1650 is ftill well remembred among the Seniors there. She was hanged by the Neck near half an Hour, fome of her Friends in the mean time thumping her on the Breaft, others hanging with all their weight upon her Legs, fometimes lifting her up, and then pulling her down again with a sudden Firk, thereby the fooner to difpatch her out of her Pain; as her Printed Account wordeth it. After he was in her Coffin, being obferved to breath, a lufty Fellow ftamped with all his force on her Breaft and Stomach, to put her out of her Pain. But by the affiftance of Dr. Peity, Dr. Willis, Dr. Bathurst, and Dr. Clerk, he was again brought to Life. I my felf faw her many Years after, after that he had (I heard) born divers Children. The particulars of her Crime, Execution and Reftauration, fee in a little Pamphlet, called News from the Dead, written, as I have been informed, by Dr. Bathurst, (afterwards the moft vigilant and learned Prefident of Trinity-Colledge, Oxon,) and Published in 1651. with Verses upon the Occafion.

fions frequently neceffitate them to live without, or with but little Refpiration. Fifhes might be named here, whofe Habitation is always in the Waters. But these belong to an Element which I cannot at prefent engage in. But there are many Animals of our own Element, or partly fo, whofe Organs of Refpiration, whofe Blood, whofe Heart, and other Inftruments of Life are admirably ac commodated to their method of Living. Thus many amphibious Creatures (14), who live in Water as well as Air, many Quadrupeds, Birds, Infects, and other Animals, who can live fome Hours, Days, yea, whole Winters with little or no Respiration, in a Torpitude, or fort, of Sleep, or middle State between Life and Death. The Provifion made for thefe peculiar Occafions of Life, in the Fabrick of

(14) The Sea-Calf hath the Foramen Ovate, by which means it is enabled to ftay long under the Water, as the Parif. Anatomists. Of which fee in Book VI. Chap. 5. Note 3.

But the fore-commended Mr. Chefelden thinks the Foramen Ovale is neither open in amphibious Creatures, nor any adult Land-Animals. When I first (faith he) applied my self to the Diffection of Human Bodies, I had no diftruft of the frequent Accounts of the Foramen Ovale being open in Adults: but I find fince, that I mistook the Oftium Venarum Coronariarum for the Foramen. The like I fuppofe Authors have done, who affert that it is always open in amphibious Animals: for we have made diligent enquiry into thofe Animals, and never found it open. Neither would that (as they imagine) serve these Creatures to live under Water, as the Foetus doth in Utero, unless the Ductus Arteriofus was open alfo.

This Opinion of Mr. Chefelden hath this to render it probable, that the oftium Venarum Coronariarum is so near the Foramen Ovale, that without due regard, it may be easily mistaken for it. Such therefore as have opportunity of examining this part in Amphibious Animals, or any other Subject, ought to feek for the Oftium, whenever they suspect they have met with the Fo

the Lungs, the Heart, and other Parts of fuch Creatures (15), is manifeftly the Work of him, who as St. Paul faith (16), giveth to all Breath, and Life, and all Things.

(15) Of the fingular Conformation of the Heart and Lungs of the Tortoife, which is an amphibious Animal See Book VI. Chap. S.

Note 2.

(16) Acts 17. 25.

CHA P. VIII.

Of the Motion of Animals.

NEXT to the two grand Acts of Animal Life

their Sense or Refpiration, I fhall confider their Motion, or Locomotive Faculty, whereby they convey themfelves from place to place, according to their Occafions, and way of Life. And the admirable Apparatus to this purpofe is a plain demonftration of God's particular Fore-fight, Care, and efpecial Providence towards all the Animal World.

And here I might view in the first place the Mufcles, their curious Structure (1), the nice tacking them to every Joynt, to pull it this way, and that way, and the other way, according to the fpecial Purpofe, Defign, and Office of every fuch Joynt: Alfo their various Size and Strength; fome large

(1) That the Muscles are compounded of Fibres, is visible enough. Which Fibres, the curious and ingenious Borelli faith, are cylandraceous: not hollow, but filled with a fpungy, pithy. Subftance, after the manner of Elder, as he discovered by his Microfcopes. Borel. de Mot. Animal. Part 1.

These

large and corpulent, others lefs, and fome scarce vifible to the naked Eye; all exactly fitted to every Place, and every ufe of the Body. And lastly, I might take notice of the mufcular Motions, both Involuntary, and Spontaneous (2).

Next I might furvey the fpecial Fabrick of the Bones (3) miniftering to Animal Motion.

Next I

might

Thefe Fibres, he faith are naturally white, but derive their redness only from the Blood in them.

Thefe Fibres do in every Muscle, (in the Belly at least of the Muscle,) run parallel to one another, in a neat, orderly Form. But they do not at all tend the same way, but fome run aflant, fome longways, &c. according to the Action or Position of each refpective Muscle. The particulars of which, and of divers other obfervables in the Muscles would, befides Figures, take up too much room in these Notes; and therefore I must refer to the Anatomifts, particularly Steno, Borelli, Cowper, &c.

(2) The infinite Creator hath generally exerted his Art and Care, in the Provifion made by proper Muscles and Nerves, for all the different Motions in Animal Bodies, both involuntary, and voluntary. It is a noble Providence that moft of the vital Motions, fuch as of the Heart, Stomach, Guts, &c. are involuntary, the Muscles acting whether we fleep or wake, whether we will or no. And it is no less providential that fome, even of the vital Motions, are partly voluntary, partly involuntary, as that, for inftance, of Breathing; which is performed both fleeping and waking; but can be intermitted for a short time on occafion, as for accurate hearing any thing, &c. or can be encreased by a ftronger Blaft, to make the greater difcharges of the Blood from the Lungs, when that any thing overcharges them. And as for the other Motions of the Body, as of the Limbs, and fuch as are voluntary, it is a no lefs Providence, that they are abfolutely under the Power of the Will; fo as that the Animal hath it in its power to command the Mufcles and Spirits of any part of its Body, to perform fuch Motions and Actions as it

hath occafion for.

(3) Quid dicam de Offibus? que fubjecta corpori mirabiles commiffuras habent, & ad ftabilitatem aptas, & ad artus finiendos accommodatas, & ad motum, & ad omnem corporis actionem. Cicer. de Nat. Deor. L. 2. c. 55.

By