boufeholder, commonly called a fankleyne, all men or confiderable eftates: there are others who are called free• bolders, and many yeomen of estates ⚫ sufficient to make a substantial jury.' (Chap. xxix.) This wealth he attri butes principally to the enclosure of our pafture lands. "The fame writer thus defcribes the comparative poverty of the French common people: The fame commons be fo impoverished and destroyed, that they may unneth (Scarcely) live. They drink water; they eat apples, 'with bread right brown, made of rye. 'They eat no flesh, but if be feldom a ⚫ little lard, or of the entrails or heads of beafts flain for the nobles and merchants of the land. They wearen no 'woollen, but if it be a poor coat under their outermoft garment, made of great canvafs, and call it a frock. Their hofen be of like canvass, and 'paffen not their knee, wherefore they be gartered, and their thighs bare. Their wives and children gon bare'foot; they may in none other wife 'live. For fome of them that was wont to pay to his lord for his tene⚫ment which he hireth by the year, a fcute (a crown), payeth now to the 'king, over that fcute, five fcutes. Wherethrough they be artyd (com'pelled) by neceffity fo to watch, labour, and grub in the ground for their fuftenance, that their nature is much wafted, and the kind of them brought to nought. They gon crooked, and are feeble, not able to fight, &c.' (Fortefcue on Monarchy, chap. iii.) * moft is to be seen in the fenny coun, tries and northern parts, unto this day, where, for lack of wood, they are enforced to continue this ancient manner of building. So in the open and champain countries, they are en'forced, for want of ftuff, to use no "Auds at all, but only frank-posts, and fuch principals; with here and 'there a girding, whereunto they fasten 'their splints or raddles, and then caft it all over with thick clay, to keep out the wind, which otherwife would annoy them. Certes, this rude kind of building made the Spaniards, in Queen Mary's days, to wonder, but 'chiefly when they faw what large diet 'was used in many of these fo homely 'cottages; infomuch, that one of no ⚫ small reputation amongst them, faid after this manner: "These English," quoth he," have their houfes made of fticks and dirt, but they fare commonly fo well as the king"." (Harrifon's Defcription of England, prefixed to Holinfhed, p. 187.) "We have already feen that glazed windows + are always mentioned by our early poets, with an air of affectation, which evinces their rarity; fo that we are not furprised at being told that the yeomen and farmers were perfectly contented with windows of lattice. Rooms provided with chimnies are alfo noticed as a luxury, by the author of Pierce Ploughman; but it is difficult to read with gravity, the fagacious obfervations of Harrifon, on the ill confequences attending the enjoyment of warmth, without the risk of fuffocation. Now,' fays he, have we many chimnies, and yet our tenderlings complain of rheums, catarrhs, and pofes (colds in the head). Then 'had we none but reredoffes ‡, and our 'heads did never ache. For as the fmoke in those days was fuppofed to be afufficient hardening for the timber of the house, so it was reputed a far better medicine to keep the good man “In old time,' says he, 'the houses and his family from the quacke of the Britons were flightly set up (ague), or pofe; wherewith, as then, Iwith a few posts, and many raddles ' very few were oft acquainted.' (De(hurdles), with ftable and all offices fcription of England, p.212.) under one roof; the like whereof al-After witneffing the indignation "But though the lower orders of people in England were fo advantageoufly diftinguished from those of other nations, by a fuperiority in food and clothing, their domeftic buildings feem to have been much inferior to those on the continent; and this inferiority continued even down to the reign of Queen Elizabeth, as appears from the confeffion of Harrison; "The upright beams. Sax." "Anderson (Hiftory of Commerce, vol. i. p. 90, edit. 1764) says, that they were first introduced into England A. D. 1180.' "Reredoffes; this word is fometimes used to exprefs fome part of a chimney, and sometimes as a substitute for one. It seems to mean a plate of iron, or perhaps a coating of brick, to enable the wall to refift the flame." which this author has vented againft the tenderlings of his time, the reader may poffibly learn with fome furprise, that from the latter end of the thirteenth, to near the fixteenth century, perfons of all ranks, and of both fexes, were univerfally in the habit of fleeping quite naked. This cuftom is often alfuded to by Chaucer, Gower, Lydgate, and all our ancient writers. In theSquire of Low Degree,' there is a curious inftance, laine,' and planter le mai. The fame feafon appears to have been chofen by English lovers, for the purpose of crying after their ladies grace.' "In houfes, of which the walls were made of clay, and the floors of the fame materials, and where the ftabling was under the fame roof with the dwelling rooms, the furniture was not likely to be coftly. Of this the author juft quoted, received, from fome ancient neighbours, the following defcription: -She rofe, that lady dere, Our fathers (yea and we ourselves), To take her leave of that fquyere have lien full oft upon ftraw pallets, All fo naked as he was born, on rough mats, covered only with a She flood her chamber door beforn. 'fheet, under coverlets maid of dag "In the 'Aresta Amorum,' a lady fwain, or hopharlots* (I use their own who had stipulated to throw a nofegay terms), and a good round log unde their heads, inftead of a bolfter o to her lover, on a particular night on each week, complains of the difficulty pillow. If it were fo that our fathers the found in efcaping to the window, within feven years after his marriage or the good man of the houfe, had où par fois etoit teute nue par l'espace purchased a mattress or flock bed • de deux groffes heures.' This ftrange and thereto a fack of chaff to reft hi practice prevailed at a time when the head upon, he thought himfelf to b day-drefs of both fexes was much warmer than at prefent; being generally boras well lodged as the lord of the dered, and often lined with furs; info-in a bed of down or whole feathers 'town; who, peradventure, lay feldon Imuch that numberless warrens were eftablished in the neighbourhood of London, for the purpofe of fupplying its inhabitants with rabbets' fkins. "Perhaps it was this warmth of clothing that enabled our ancestors, in defiance of a northern climate, to serenade their miftreffes with as much perfeverance, as if they had lived under the torrid zone. Chaucer thought he had given us the date of his dream with fufficient exactness, when he defcribed it as happening As for fervants, if they had any fhee had they any under their bodies, t ' above them, it was well; for feldor 'keep them from the pricking ftraw 'that ran oft through the canvass "the pallet, and rafed their hardene hides.' (P. 188.) "The progrefs of improvement building, was from clay to lath an plafter, which was formed into pane between the principal timbers: floors or pargets(as Harrison calls the i. e. parquets), coated with plafter About fuch hour as lovers weep Paris; and to ceilings overlaid wi And cry after their ladies grace. mortar, and washed with lime or pl "In France, as appears from the ter of delectable whitenefs.' Co work already quoted, the lovers were try houfes were generally covered w fometimes bound to conduct les ta- fhingles; but in towns, the danger *bourins et les bas meneftriers,' to the fires obliged the inhabitants to add doors of their miftreffes, between mid- the ufe of tile or flate. Thefe lat night and daybreak, on every feftival buildings were very folid, and confif throughout the year; though the prin- of many ftories projecting over e cipal feafon for fuch gallantry was the other, fo that the windows, on opp beginning of May, when the windows fite fides of the ftreet, nearly met were ornamented with pots of marjo- The walls of our houfes an the in ram, and maypoles hung with garlands fides,' fays Harrison, be either has carried through the streets, and raiseded with tapestry, arras-work, or pai before every door in fucceffion. This ed cloths, wherein either divers! was called, 'reveiller les pots de mario-tories, or herbs, beafts, knots, a dag. Sax. (from whence daggle or draggle), any thing pendent, a s The term therefore means any patched materials, like thofe worn by the poo country people." fuch like, are ftained, or elfe they are feeled with oak of our own, or wainscot brought out of the eart 'countries.' This relates, of course, to the houses of the wealthy, which he also represents as abounding in plate and pewter. In earlier times, wooden platters, bowls, and drinking veffels were univerfally used, excepting in the houfes of the nobles. InFrance, if we may believe M. de Paumy (Vie privée des François), flices of bread, called Pains Tranchoirs,' were used as a fubftitute for plates, till the reign of Louis XII." Vol. i. p. 312. (To be concluded in our next.) XLIV. Antiquities, hiftorical, architectural, chorographical, and itinerary, in Nottinghamshire and the adjacent Counties; comprising the Hiftories of Southwell (the Ad Pontem) and of Newark (the Sidnaceller of the Romans) interfperfed with biographical Sketches, and profufely embellifhed with Engravings. In four Parts. By WILLIAM DICKINSON, Efq. Part I. Vol. I. pp. 115. 145. Large Paper 11. 1s. Newark, printed by Holt and Hage, for Cadell and Davies, London. LIST OF PLATES, Engraved by Cooke and Birrell. PORTRAIT of the Author. N. E. View of Southwell Church. The Screen which enclofes the Choir. Remains of a Roman Fofs on Burridge Hill, Southwell. Map of the Roman Roads, Stations, &c. near Southwell. CONTENTS. PREFACE-Introduction, on Architecture--The Church of Southwell--The Town of Southwell VOL. V.-No. XLVII. Explanatory Obfervations on the Map. EXTRACT FROM THE PREFACE. "IT has long been confidered as a matter of not only pleasant and curious, but even of ufeful inquiry, to determine the roads and stations of the Romans, while they held the dominion of this illand. Many of them have been afcertained with indifputable precifion; fome have been conjectured, fubject to much doubt and controver fy; and many more remain ftill entirely undifcovered, to excite the diligence of the antiquary. Southwell certainly, Newark with great probability, prefents a moft exuberant field for examination. This field it has been my amusement tention, and to cultivate with the to explore with fome labour and atlaudable profpect of reaping a crop not altogether unworthy the attention of the learned. Should it appear that feveral roads of confiderable confequence, and feveral ftations fituated on or near them, belonging to the Romans, refpecting which hiftory has been filines and limits of many more, which lent, have been afcertained; that the were heretofore dubious, have been. fixed; and that, on the whole, fuch a plain itinerary has been laid down, as will materially affift future explorers, not only of Roman but of Saxon and Norman antiquities, in this part of the country, one of my principal purposes will have been accomplished. It was next to impoffible for any one, investigating the origin and fortune of the town of Southwell, not to contemplate, with a confiderable degree of admiration, its moft extraordinary and ftupendous church; to me it was by no means even a fubordinate object. The diftinguifhing characteristic, of Romar, Saxon, Danifi, Norman, and Gothic architecture, have long been very favourite objects of folicitous inquiry. This ftately though unequal pile prefents almost every of thefe different fpecies, in perfect condition, difcriminated with moft obvious precifion, and bearing ample teftimony to cach gradual and minute fucceffive improvement in architectural science; from the rude and clumfy pier of Harold's, or of Canute's days, to the light fantaftic Gothic fhaft, ufed in the reigns of the latter Henrys. With fuch an agglomeration, as it were, of fpeci Kk mens mens always before me, I formed the arduous attempt of extracting from them a fort of architectural index, or nomenclature of columns, arches, and ornaments; by means of which the origin of every ancient building might, almost on a first view, be dated. How far these endeavours have been fucceff ful will be determined by the perufal of the following pages." P. vii. EXTRACTS. ORIGIN OF ARCHITECTURE. "IT may be difficult, perhaps, to afcertain the precife period of the world when architecture may be first dignified by the appellation of a fcience: when convenience for habitation ceafed to be the fole object of the builder; when ufe gave place to ornament, and when men no longer followed their own inclinations in the erection of their dwellings; but measured their exertions by the rules of proportion, and the limitations of order. It seems on all hands, however, to be agreed, that the Tyrians were the firft, of whofe perfection in the art of building history gives any authentic teftimony. "That the Tyrians had arrived to a very great degree of celebrity in the fcience of architecture, we may conclude from the prophecy of Ifaiah, when foretelling the downfal of their magnificent city. The Grecians were the next in order of time, with whom architecture feems to have obtained an honourable fituation in the catalogue of arts. The fpecimens, that remain to our time, most powerfully evince to what fublimity of defign, and correctness of execution, this learned people elevated it. With them originated the very names and diftinctions, by which every order and every ornament are still denominat. ed, among the followers of this profesfion. The Romans ficceeded the Grecians in the empire of arts, as well as of arms; and the many remains, which their defolated capital fill exhibits of their ancient grandeur, amply testify with what fidelity and effect they co pied the designs, and followed the inftructions of their illuftrious predeceffors. The Romans arrived at their acme in every fpecies of science during the reign of Auguftus. It is no wonder that architecture fhould accompany her fifter arts at the time of their maturity, as well as in their decline. Thus, by the fingle exception of Trajan, we do not read a fingle reign, after that of Auguftus, in which any building of great beauty or magnificence was erected by the Romans. The proudest monuments of this art, it is true, were involved in the ge neral devastation of the western empire; but the fame of fome of them would have furvived the downfal of the imperial grandeur, if they had been either numerous or magnificent. Under the laft twenty-eight emperors, indeed, there was no leifure for the cultivation of fcience, or for the exer. cife of the arts. If we except Alexan. der Severus, few of them united the talents with the inclination neceffary for undertaking works of grandeur; but even the best of them were so continually haraffed by foreign enemies, or by domestic broils, that it became impoffible to cultivate the arts of peace. Even Vitruvius would fcarcely have been an architect under the reigns of a Maximin or a Gordian. "The fifth century produced a new epoch in the annals of architecture. The ravages of the Visigoths deftroyed nearly all the most beautiful and mag, nificent monuments of Grecian as well as of Roman antiquity; and introduced, in lieu of them, that ftyle of building commonly denominated Gothic. On the ruins of ancient architecture was ingrafted, alfo, another species from the fouth, as the Gothic was from the north, viz. the Moorish or Saracenic. Though there was a general refemblance between these two styles, infomuch that many writers have mif takenly treated of them as one and the fame, there was a palpable, and a very material difference. As a principal object, however, in not a few of the fucceeding pages, will be an endeavour "Trajan's pillar, as it is called, was defigned and built in honour of that emperor, by the architect Apollodorus, whofe name it has immortalized: in the fame reign allo that fapendous work the bridge over the Danube, confiting of twenty-two arches, was projected and accomplished. Caligula, in deed, is faid to have begun a bridge over the Gulf of Baix, but this is not well authenticated." to to mark, with precifion, the revolutions that have taken place in ancient architecture, fince the downfal of the western empire (which, if accomplished, will enable us to determine, with tolerable accuracy, the origin and age of almoft every ancient building in the world), my firft effort, at the commencement of this investigation, fhall be to bring into one point of view the opinions of all the writers of eminence on this intricate fubject. Where they agree, or do not differ materially from each other, and their observations have received confirmation from more modern discoveries, they afford a tolerably correct and decifive rule, whereby to form our judgment. Where they differ among themselves, where they are contradicted by recent difcoveries, or where their opinions have not met with the general concurrence of mankind, the fubject is fairly open for new difcuffion, without the imputation of prefumption; for new conjecture, without the charge of temerity." P. 5. THE ARCHITECTURE OF SOUTH- "TO the Norman order of architecture (which it feems did not differ materially, at firft, from the Saxon, in any of its most effential characteristic features; but was equally diftinguished by circular arches and maffive pillars, with, perhaps, fome little addition of fculpture, and, in fome inftances, vaulted roofs) fucceeded, what is generally understood, though fome think improperly, by the denomination of Gothic: becaufe, as Wren writes, the Goths 'were rather the deftroyers, than in⚫ventors of arts.' This ftyle of building feems to have been introduced before the reign of King John, and to have prevailed very generally in that of Henry III. It continued, with little variation, till the time of Edward III. when a confiderable alteration took place in the construction of the pillars and roofs. The latter began to be divided into feveral compartments, by kinds of ribs, meeting in the centre of the arch, and forming triangular spaces on each fide. Thefe ribs, and the junctions of them, were more or lefs ornamented, according to the affluence of the builder, the skill of the architect, the vicinity of the place to the feats of fashion and improvement, either me tropolis of the kingdom (London or York), and to the purposes of the building. The columns now began to take the form of a cluster of fmall pillars, clofely united, and forming one compact and folid, but flender and elegant fupport. About this period, and before any great alteration began to prevail in the mode of constructing the windows, we might, from the ge neral style of this fabric, if we wanted other evidence, pronounce the choir of Southwell church to have been erected; but this matter is placed be yond a doubt by the licenfe of the king (Edward III.), in the eleventh year of his reign, to the chapter, for the getting of ftones from a quarry in his foreft of Shirewood, for the building of their church. "The heads of Edward III. and his queen, as alfo that of the Black Prince, fupport the ribs or fprings of feveral arches in the choir. The prince's head, crowned with his three feathers, is particularly confpicuous on the north fide; and over the centre arch on the fouth fide, are the feathers only, neatly cut in the ftone. By thefe numerous compliments to the prince, we may prefume this part was erected juft at that point of time, when, by his conqueft in France, he was in the zenith of his popularity. "In conformity with the general tafte of that age, the windows are narrow, pointed, unornamented, and without any divifion by ftone guts or mullions. It was not till late in this reign, or in the next, that the fashion became general of having the windows much larger, lefs pointed, and divided into feveral lights by small stone pillars, terminating in various, ramifications within the arch; beautified and diverfified, as accident influenced or defign dictated. "Of this latter fpecies of architecture, Southwell church exhibits more fpecimens than one, and thofe not in-. clegant; viz. the chapter-house, and the fcreen, which divides the choir from the western part of the church. These are of the fame ftyle, and, to all appearance, of the same age; doubtlefs much pofterior in date to the reft of the Gothic work in this church. The chapter-houfe is a detached octagonal building, connected by a cloifter with the north aifle of the choir. To what reign its erection ought to be attributed, we K k 2 may, |