part being not less than". I find that this observation was made about 9 o'clock in the evening, when the moon was not quite two days old; and from the situation of the spot described by Sir William Herschel, I have no doubt of its being the same that I have noticed."

Mr. MACKENZIE, in his Thousand Experiments in Chemistry, states the following facts relative to the criminal adulteration of bread in London :-" Leavened bread is chiefly made from wheaten flour, of various degrees of fineness, though potatoes and rice flour are frequently, and with advantage, used in its preparation. In London the quantity of potatoes used in the best baker's bread, is from ten to fifteen pounds to every sack of flour. The finest flower is seldom, or never, used in making loaf bread; it is always employed in making biscuits and pastry. A tradesman who deals in salt, alum, &c. and who is in the habit of furnishing bakers with these articles, informed me that he supplies each of his customers, every night, with two pounds of alum, and six pounds of common salt. These quantities they use for each sack of flour. The employment of salt in bread is attended with great advantages to health, but that of alum is truly pernicious; and what is worse, it yet re

mains to be proved whether even the very appearance of bread (as to colour) is improved by the use of this astringent salt. Even bakers, themselves, acknowledge that it hinders fermentation, by killing the yeast. They say, likewise, that to counteract its effects, they use the potatoes; that is, to promote the fermentation which has been checked by the alum. But, in order to demonstrate that the quantity of alum, above specified, is actually swallowed by bread eaters, we need only reduce the two pounds of alum to grains; and supposing that a quartern loaf is eaten (on an average) at eight meals, first, multiply the number of quartern-loaves produced from a sack of flour, by 8; and, secondly, divide the number of grains of alum by the product, thus :-A sack of flour generally produces 86 quartern-loaves; which, multiplied by eight meals, produces 688 portions:-2 pounds of alum being multiplied by 16, become 32 ounces; these, multiplied by 8, become 256 drams; and this product again multiplied by 60 is convertible into 15,360 grains. If, then, we divide the latter of these numbers by the former, the quotient will be 22 and a fraction of grains of alum in the composition of an 8th part of a quartern-loaf.

NAP. XLVIII. To amend the several

Cricts for the Regulation of Attor

nies and Solicitors.-June 8th, 1821.

I. Any person who has taken a Degree of Bachelor of Arts or of Law at Oxford, Cambridge, or Dublin, may act as an Attorney or Solicitor, after having served a Clerkship of Three Years, and during the said Term of Three Years shall continue in such Service, and during the whole Time of such Three Years Service, shall continue and be actually employed by such Attorney or Solicitor, or Six Clerk, or his or their Agent or Agents, in the proper Business, Practice, or Employment of an Attorney or Solicitor, and shall also cause an Affidavit of himself, or of such Attorney or Solicitor or Six Clerk, to whom he was bound as aforesaid, to be duly made and filed, that he hath actually and really so served and been employed during the said whole Term of Three Years.

II. Persons bound for Five Years, and serving Part of that Time, not exceeding One Year, with a Barrister or Special Pleader, may be admitted, on applying to a Judge or other sufficient Authority.

Nothing in this Act contained shall extend, or be construed to extend to any Person who shall have taken or shall take

such Degree of Bachelor of Arts, unless such Person shall have taken or shall take such Degree within Six Years next after the Day when such Person shall have been or shall be first matriculated in the said Universities respectively; nor to any Person who shall take or shall have taken such Degree of Bachelor of Law within Eight Years after such Matriculation; nor to any person who shall be bound, by Contract in Writing, to serve as a Clerk to any Attorney, Solicitor, or Six Clerk, under the Provisions of this Act, unless such Person shall be so bound within Four Years next after the Day when such Person shall have taken such Degree.

CAP. XLIX. For making further Regulations in respect to the Payment by Remittance Bill of the Wages of Petty Officers, Seamen, and Marines, in the Royal Navy; and for extending the Provisions of an Act made in the Fifty-fifth Year of His late Majesty, relating to the Execution of Letters of Attorney and Wills of Petty Officers, Seamen, and Marines, in His Majesty's Navy. June 8th, 1821.

CAP. L. To alter and amend an Act made in the Fifty-ninth Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King George

the

the Third, intituled An Act to regulate the Making and Sale of Bread out of the City of London, and the Liberties thereof, and beyond the Weekly Bills of Mortality and Ten Miles of the Royal Exchange, where no Assize is set; and for establishing other Provisions and Regulations relative thereto.-June 8th, 1821.

11. It shall be lawful for any Person or Persons whomsoever, out of the City of London and the Liberties thereof, and beyond the Weekly Bills of Mortality and Ten Miles of the Royal Exchange, to make, bake, sell, and expose for Sale any Bread made of Flour or Meal of Wheat, Barley, Rye, Oats, Buckwheat, Indian Corn, Peas, Beans, Rice, and every other Kind of Grain whatsoever. and Potatoes, or any of them, and with any common Salt, pure Water, Eggs, Milk, Yeast, Barm, Leven and Potatoe Yeast, and mixed in such Proportions as the Makers or Sellers of Bread shall think fit.

III. Assize Bread and Priced Bread not to be made at the same Time in the same Place; (that is to say), no Assize Loaves of the Price of Three-pence, and Priced Loaves called Quartern Loaves; nor Assize Loaves of the Price of Sixpence, and Priced Loaves called Quartern Loaves; nor Assize Loaves of the Price of Twelve-pence, and Priced Loaves called Half-peck Loaves; nor Assize Loaves of the Price of Eighteenpence, and Priced Loaves called Peck Loaves, shall at the same Time be made for Sale, sold, or carried out for sale, or be offered or exposed to or for Sale, or allowed to be sold by any Baker or other Seller of Bread, in his, her, or their Shop, Dwelling House, or Premises, that unwary Persons may not be imposed upon and injured by buying Assize Loaves, referred to in the said Tables, as or for Priced Loaves so referred to in the said Tables, or by buying such Priced Loaves as or for such Assize Loaves; and every Person who shall offend therein, and be convicted of any such Offence in Manner herein-after mentioned, shall for every such Offence forfeit and pay a Sum not exceeding Forty Shillings nor less than Ten Shillings.

IV. No Person or Persons making or who shall make Bread for Sale out of the City of London and the Liberties thereof, and beyond the Weekly Bills of Mortality and Ten Miles of the Royal Exchange, nor any Journeyman or other Servant of any such Person or Persons as last mentioned, shall at any Time or Times, in the making of Bread for Sale, put any Alum, or Preparation or Mixture in which Alum shall be an Ingredient, or any other Preparation or Mixture in lieu of Alum, into the Dough of such Bread, or in anywise use or cause to be used any Alum, or any other unwhole

some Mixture, Ingredient, or Thing whatsoever, in the making of such Bread, or on any Account, or under any Colour or Pretence whatsoever, upon pain that every such Person, whether Master or Journeyman, or other Person, who shall knowingly offend in the Premises, and shall be convicted of any such Offence, shall forfeit and pay any Sum of Money not exceeding Twenty Pounds, or less than Five Pounds, or in Default, shall be committed to the House of Correction or some Prison, not exceeding Twelve nor less than Three Calendar Months, unless such Penalty shall be sooner paid; and it shall be lawful for the Magistrate to cause the Offender's Name, Place of Abode, and Offence, to be published in some Newspaper which shall be published where the Offence shall be committed.

V. No Person shall knowingly put into Coru, Meal, or Flour, which shall be ground, dressed, bolted, or manufactured for Sale out of the said City of London and the Liberties thereof, and beyond the Weekly Bills of Mortality and Ten Miles of the Royal Exchange, either at the Time of grinding, dressing, bolting, or in anywise manufacturing the same, or at any other Time or Times, any Ingredient, Mixture, or Thing whatsoever, or shall knowingly sell, offer or expose to or for Sale, any Meal or Flour of one Sort of Grain, as or for the Meal or Flour of any other Sort of Grain, or any Thing as or for or mixed with the Meal or Flour of any Grain which shall not be the real and genuine Meal or Flour of the Grain the same shall import to be and ought to be, upon pain that every Person who shall offend in the Premises, and shall be thereof convicted in Manner herein-after mentioned, shall forfeit and pay for every such Offence any Sum not exceeding Twenty Pounds nor less than Five Pounds.

VI. Loaves made of the Meal of any other Grain than Wheat, to be marked with the Letter (M).

VII. Magistrates or Peace Officers by their Warrants, may search Bakers Premises, &c. and enter into any House, Mill, Shop, Stall, Bakehouse, Bolting-house, Pastry Warehouse, Outhouse, or Ground of or belonging to any Miller, Mealman, or Baker, or other Person who shall grind Grain, or dress or bolt Meal or Flour, or make Bread for Reward or Sale as aforesaid, and take with him or them, to his or their Assistance, one or more Master Miller, Mealman, or Baker, Millers, Mealmen or Bakers, and to search or examine whe ther any Mixture, Ingredient, or Thing, not the genuine Produce of the Grain such Meal or Flour shall import or ought to be shall have been mixed up with or put into any Meal or Flour in the Possession of such Miller, Mealman, or Baker, and also search

for

for alum or any other Ingredient, which may be intended to be used in or for any such Adulteration or Mixture; and if on any such Search, it shall appear that any such Meal, Flour, Dough, or Bread, so found, shall have been so adulterated by the Person in whose Possession it shall then be, or any Alum or other Ingredient shall be found, which shall seem to have been deposited there in order to be used in the Adulteration of Meal, Flour, or Bread, then and in every such Case it shall be lawful for such Magistrate or Magistrates, Justice or Justices of the Peace, or Officer or Officers authorized as aforesaid respectively, within the Limits of their respective Jurisdictions, to seize and take any Meal, Flour, Dough, or Bread, which shall be found in any such Search.

VIII. Every Miller, Mealman, or Baker out of the City of London and the Liberties thereof, and beyond the Weekly Bills of Mortality and Ten Miles of the Royal Exchange, in whose House, Mill, Shop, Stall, Bakehouse, Boltinghouse, Pastry Warehouse, Outhouse, Ground, or Possession, any Alum or other Ingredient or Mixture shall be found, shall, on being convicted of any such offence, forfeit and pay on every such Conviction any Sum of Money not exceeding Twenty nor less than Five Pounds, or be committed to the House of Correction, or some other Prison, there to remain for any Time not exceeding Twelve nor less than Three Calendar Months.

IX. If any Person or Persons shall wilfully obstruct or hinder any such Search as herein-before is authorized to be made, or the Seizure of any Meal, Flour, Dough, or Bread, or of any Alum or other Ingredient or Mixture, which shall be found on any such Search, he, she, or they shall for every such Offence, on being convicted thereof, forfeit and pay such Sum not exceeding Five Pounds, nor less thaa Fifty Shillings.

X. Every Baker or Seller of Bread shall cause to be fixed in some convenient Part of his or her Shop, a Beam and Scales, with proper Weights, in order that every

Person or Persons who may purchase any Bread of any such Baker or Seller of Bread, may, if he, she, or they shall think proper, require the same to be weighed in his, her, or their Presence; and that if any Baker or Seller of Bread, out of the City of London and the Liberties thereof, and beyond the Weekly Bills of Mortality and Ten Miles of the Royal Exchange, shall neglect to fix such Beam and Scales in some convenient Part of his or her Shop, or to provide and keep for Use proper Weights, or whose Weights shall be deficient in their due Weight, or who shall refuse to weigh any Bread purchased in his or her Shop, in the Presence of the Party or Parties requiring the same, he, she, or they shall for every such Offence forfeit and pay a Sum not exceeding Five Pounds nor less than Twenty Shillings, as the Magistrate or Magistrates, Justice or Justices, before whom such Offender shall be convicted, shall order and direct.

XI. No Master, Mistress, Journeyman, or other Person respectively exercising_or employed in the Trade or Calling of a Baker, out of the City of London and the Liberties thereof, and beyond the Weekly Bills of Mortality and Ten Miles of the Royal Exchange, shall on the Lord's Day, commonly called Sunday, or any Part thereof, make or bake any Household or other Bread, Rolls, or Cakes of any Sort or Kind, or shall on any Part of the said Day sell or expose to Sale, or permit or suffer to be sold or exposed to Sale, any Bread, Rolls, or Cakes of any Sort or Kind except to Travellers, or in Cases of urgent Necessity; or bake or deliver, or permit or suffer to be baked or delivered, any Meat, Pudding, Pie, Tart, or Victuals at any Time after Half past One of the Clock in the Afternoon of that Day.

XII. No Miller or Baker may act as Justice in the Execution of this Act.

XIII. All Offences against this Act may be heard in a summary Way. Penalties levied by Distress and Sale.

XXIV. The Rights of the University are Saved.

WE

E have perused, with the deepest interest, the volumes recently published by Mr. MARK WILKS, containing a History of the Persecutions endured by the Protestants of the South of France, since the year 1814; and we close them with feelings of indignation, horror, and MONTHLY MAG. No. 859.

disgust, which we should vainly attempt to describe. It is scarcely credible that such atrocities could, for such a length of time, have been perpetrated under a civilized form of government; and the French ministry seem to have been so sensible of the reproach to which the national character 2 K

was

was exposed by these enormities, that they endeavoured rather to deny the facts, than to remedy the mischief. In this work, however, those facts are set forth in glaring and undeniable characters, before the eyes of Europe; and it is proved that the worst excesses of the revolution have been fully equalled in the outrages committed under the eyes, and by the connivance of the local magistracy, by organized bands of assassins, upon the innocent and defence. less protestants of Nismes and the adjacent country. The detail of their sufferings is almost too painful for narration. Rapine and murder of the most wanton description, and aggravated by circumstances of inconceivable brutality, seem to have been let loose upon the reformed church, in the very spirit of the massacre of St. Bartho. lomew's day. A repetition of that day was indeed threatened and concerted. With the exception of the Hundred Days, during which Napoleon's return restored tranquillity, such has, at intervals, been the fate of these unfortunate protestants; nor do they possess any security against the future renewal of such scenes, except in the general and improving spirit of the nation. In a country where the principles of civil liberty and religious toleration have made any advances, crimes like these cannot long be perpetrated with impunity. Public opinion will be too strong for them. To this state we have no doubt that France must soon arrive. But it is not upon the wretched and disgusting instruments of malignant bigotry and faction that our censure should chiefly fall; they are merely the creatures which a wicked and corrupt government in church and state, for centuries back, has contributed to make them. It is to the political and ecclesiastical tyranny, which deformed the French character, and which still struggles for existence, that we are to trace the ferocious crimes with which their history is stained. With the reform of the constitution, the spirit of the people will fast improve, and by this process, more powerfully, perhaps, than by express laws, an end will be put to crimes which humiliate human nature, and make us "blush to think that we are

Some interesting information will be found in Notes relating to the Manners and Customs of the Crim Tartars, by MARY HOLDERNESS, which are written with simplicity and spirit. The author resided in the Crimea four years, and has collected in this little work the result of her observations, from which a competent idea may be formed of the habits of the people, and the state of the country. The volume is ornamented with coloured plates, and forms altogether a pleasing and instructive publication.

We always find our time well employed

in the perusal of any production of Mr. CHARLES LLOYD'S, and his Poetical Essays on the character of Pope, as a poet. and moralist, and on the language and objects most fit for poetry, form no exception to this remark. In his strictures on Pope, Mr. Lloyd seems to fight under Mr.Bowles' colours. He comments severely upon the immoral tendency of the Eloisa, and rejects with great scorn the principle on which Pope's doctrine is mainly founded, that of self-love. Yet Pope intended to shew that "true self-love and social are the same." Mr. Lloyd seems to set him down as a kind of small but shrewd philosopher, and demolishes him as a poet, by allowing him a great deal of sense, but no imagination. On the other question, the author holds with Mr. Campbell, that objects of art afford the poet as much scope as those of nature: and he takes occasion to rebuke Mr.Wordsworth in a friendly way, for confining his muse to the humble walks of life, being of opinion that

"Patrician annals often teem With sources of true interest, which no stress Of genius ever gave Shepherd or Shepherdess." On all points like these, every man will have his peculiar opinion; and Mr. Lloyd maintains his own in these Essays with much original thought and great ingenuity; yet we fear they will not be generally read, the style being indeed the antipodes to that of Pope, and labouring along in so harsh and cumbrous a manner, as to render the perusal a work of positive labour. What are we to say of such lines as these?

"We say not so-we say, that when 'tis tried Our beings elements to subdivide

Beyond variety original

Of innate passions, which our species thrall,
And to reduce them homogeneously
Thus to one source, we act erroneously."

In spite of this drawback, the substantial merit of these Essays entitles them to attention; and here and there, as particularly at the close of the first part of the remarks on Pope, the reader will find burts of true poetical enthusiasm, with which he cannot fail to be pleased.

The Excursions of a Spirit, a Vision, seems to be written with a religious and sober purpose; and yet it is not easy to suppress a smile in the perusal. The subject is serious enough, being a speculation on the state of the soul after death, with some parts of which we are edified, and with many amused. The first act of the disembodied soul, is to make a domestic visit to the Peak in Derbyshire, and other curious places in England, not omitting to perch on the summit of St. Paul's. These journeys are extended till they embrace the grand tour of the world, including surveys of the North and South Poles, on each of which stands a lofty mountain, totally inaccessible to human approach-thus is that

great

great question at once set at rest. We are then treated with the visionary's notions of the planetary system, between the different members of which a brisk intercourse subsists, Venus being a sort of paradise, and Mercury the real hell. Many knotty points occur; amongst others, whether the inhabitants of Saturn have any need of a Redeemer; and some, quite as difficult, are readily solved, it being manifest from the testimony of this spirit, that the Unitarians are all in the wrong. We believe all this to be very well intended, and that the writer is a very pious, and certainly a clever man, but we are quite sure that he has made a mistake in endeavouring to combine whimsical fancies like these with feelings of devotiou. It is in vain to attempt a grave journey to the moon; such flights have, time out of mind, been altogether merry and jocular. We must add that the author displays powers of composition, which might have been better employed than in the developement of these extrava. gances.

There is no small share both of interest and instruction in the Life of David Haggart, alias John Wilson, &c. written by himself while under sentence of death. Surely a narrative like this, so completely unveiling the inefficacy of our present system of criminal law, is sufficient to open the eyes of those obstinate legislators who imagine that the penalty of blood is the only efficacious preventive of crime. The scenes which some of our crowded gaols present, and which are forcibly described by this unfortunate young criminal, are highly disgraceful to a civilized country, and are, in fact, the cause of more capital crimes than the gallows, even with all its extraordinary activity, can suppress. The conviction of this truth had impressed itself even on the uneducated mind of Haggart. The life is interesting from the air of truth and sincerity which it displays, though we doubt not that it has received considerable editorial embellishments. After a course of accumulated offences, which seem almost too extraordinary to have been perpetrated by so young a criminal, and after a variety of most imminent dangers and hair-breadth escapes, Haggart, at the age of 21, suffered the last penalty of the law, at Dumfries, for the murder of Morrin, the keeper of that gaol.

It is with considerable gratification that we notice the appearance of Mr. BUTLER'S Additions to the Historical Memoirs respecting the English, Irish, and Scottish Catholics, from the Reformation to the present time, in two volumes. The public are already indebted to this gentleman for many laborious and valuable literary works, and the present will be found an important addition to our stores of church history and general biography. Although Mr.

Butler's style and arrangement may perhaps be tinctured with his professional character, yet his works will be always held in high estimation, for the learning, the research, and the judgment which they display. It is certainly very creditable to Mr. B.'s taste and industry that during the course of a long and active professional life, he should have found opportunities of devoting so much of his time to literary pursuits, without interfering in any degree with his more important avocations. The preface to the first of the present volumes, (the third of the "Historical Memoirs") contains an interesting account of the author's writings, and some curious anecdotes of cotemporary literature, among which will be found some valuable particulars respecting the author of Junius's letters. To the catholic world these volumes cannot fail of proving highly acceptable.

Among the published papers read before the Society of Antiquaries, and extracted from the XIX volume of the Archæologia, we notice a curious little work, entitled An Attempt at a Glossary of some words used in Cheshire, communicated to the Society of Antiquaries, by ROGER WILBRAHAM, esq. F.R S. and S.A. The present publication, in its separate form, is enriched with considerable additions, containing a great variety of those peculiar phrases, adages and proverbs, with the provincial dialect and words, used in Cheshire and Lancashire, some of which are very singular and expressive. Their derivations and resemblances are also pointed out, as they relate to the old French, the Latin, the Teutonic, or the Saxon languages. We are thus indebted to Mr. Wilbraham for much investigation and patient research, in compiling from so many various sources those authorities, derivations, and coincidences, which shew the antiquity, and explain the nature of our provincial language.-Words formerly of classical authority, we here find altogether obsolete or in disuse, and from others we perceive the progress and fluctuation of our language in the more durable nature of the provincial dialects of England. Besides its amusing tendency, we must consider this little work as a curious and valuable addition to the philolo gical labours of Dr. Ash, and those of Ray, though not illustrated with the reasoning and genius of a Horne Tooke.

We think we may venture to speak in terms of approbation of a new descriptive poem, entitled A Tour of the Dove, with Occasional Pieces, by Mr. JOHNEDWARDS. The river Dove, with its surrounding scenery, which the poet so enthusiastically describes, is situated in the most romantic and beautiful part of Derbyshire, whose local attractions and peculiarities are drawn with a delicate and masterly hand