success of the greatest and wisest men. It of nature is such as no other physical science gives a plan and purpose to every part of life-affords in the same kind, and is the best introa plan that comprehends all the details. The duction to the difficult questions of politics and daily prayers of a good man lead him to think social life. Scientific education, apart from of the danger he is in of omitting some duties professional objects, is but a preparation for because they are so insignificant, and others be- judging rightly of man and of his requirements cause they are so annoying and interrupting to and interests. But to this final pursuit, which what seems to be the best and noblest efforts. has been called par excellence the proper stuThey make him strive to be faithful even in dy of mankind, physiology is the most servicethat which is least, by regarding every detail able of the sciences, because it is the nearest. as the appointment of infinite wisdom and a Its subject is already Man; the same complex Heavenly Father. Certain it is that he who and manifold being, whose properties are not inrises early in the morning and lays out a distinct dependent of circumstance, and immovable from plan for each day will be surprised at the suc-age to age, like those of the ellipse and hypercess it will give him-the hour it will save him bola, or of sulphur and phosphorus, but are infrom waste and trifling, and the rapid improve-finitely various, indefinitely modifiable by art ment, especially in the economical use of time, it will secure him.

EXTRACTS FROM INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF
JOHN STUART MILL.
(Continued from page 255.)

or accident, graduating by the nicest shades into one another, and reacting upon one another in a thousand ways, so that they are seldom capable of being isolated and observed separately. With the difficulties of the study of a being so constituted; the physiologist, and he alone I have given a very incomplete and summary among scientific enquirers, is already familiar. view of the educational benefits derived from Take what view we will of man as a spiritual instruction in the more perfect sciences, and in being, one part of his nature is far more like the rules for the proper use of the intellectual another than either of them is like anything faculties which the practice of those sciences else. In the organic world we study nature has suggested. There are other sciences, which under disadvantages very similar to those which are in a more backward state, and tax the whole affect the study of moral and political phenomepowers of the mind in its mature years, yet a na: our means of making experiments are almost beginning of which may be beneficially made as limited, while the extreme complexity of the in university studies, while a tincture of them facts makes the conclusions of general reasoning is valuable even to those who are never likely unusually precarious, on account of the vast to proceed further. The first is physiology; number of circumstances that conspire to dethe seience of the laws of organic and animal termine every result. Yet, in spite of these life, and especially of the structure and func- obstacles, it is found possible in physiology to tions of the human body. It would be absurd arrive at a considerable number of well-ascerto pretend that a profound knowledge of this tained and important truths. This, therefore, difficult subject can be acquired in youth or as is an excellent school in which to study the a part of general education. Yet an acquaint- means of overcoming similar difficulties elseance with its leading truths is one of those ac- where. It is in physiology, too, that we are quirements which ought not to be the exclusive first introduced to some of the conceptions property of a particular profession. The value which play the greatest part in the moral and of such knowledge for daily uses has been made social sciences, but which do not occur at all in familiar to us by all the sanitary discussions of those of inorganic nature. As, for instance, late years, There is hardly one among us who the idea of predisposition, and of predisposing may not, in some position of authority, be re- causes, as distinguished from exciting causes. quired to form an opinion and take part in pub- The operation of all moral forces is immensely lic action on sanitary subjects. And the im- influenced by predisposition without that eleportance of understanding the true conditions ment it is impossible to explain the commonest of health and disease-of knowing how to ac-facts of history and social life. Physiology is quire and preserve that healthy habit of body also the first science in which we recognise the which the most tedious and costly medical treat- influence of habit-the tendency of something ment so often fails to restore when once lost, to happen again merely because it has hapshould secure a place in general education for pened before. From physiology, too, we get the principal maxims of hygiene, and some of our clearest notion of what is meant by develthose even of practical medicine. For those opment or evolution. The growth of a plant or who aim at high intellectual cultivation, the animal from the first germ is the typical specistudy of physiology has still greater recom- men of a phemonenon which rules through the mendations, and is, in the present state of ad- whole course of the history of man and society vancement of the higher studies, a real necessi--increase of function, through expansion and ty. The practice which it gives in the study differentiation of structure by internal forces. I

FRIENDS' INTELLIGENCER.

cannot enter into the subject at greater length; it is enough if I throw out hints which may be germs of further thought in yourselves. Those who aim at high intellectual acheivements may be assured that no part of their time will be less wasted than that which they employ in becoming familiar with the methods and with the main conceptions of the science of organization and life.

(To be continued.)

ITEMS.

what is the nature and limit of our knowledge of them; whether the will of man is free or determined by causes, and what is the real difference between the two doctrines; matters on which the most thinking men, and those who have given most study to the subjects, are still divided; it is neither to be expected nor desired that those who do not specially devote Physiology, at its upper extremity, touches lation should employ much of their time in atthemselves to the higher departments of specu on Psychology, or the Philosophy of mind: and tempting to get to the bottom of these questions. without raising any disputed questions about But it is a part of liberal education to know the limits between Matter and Spirit, the nerves that such controversies exist, and, in a general and brain are admitted to have so intimate a way, what has been said on both sides of them. connexion with the mental operations that the It is instructive to know the failures of the hustudent of the last cannot dispense with a considerable knowledge of the first. The value of fect as well as its perfect attainments; to be man intellect as well as its successes, its imperpsychology itself need hardly be expatiated aware of the open questions, as well as of those upon in a Scottish university; for it has always which have been definitely resolved. A very been there studied with brilliant success. most everything which has been contributed suffice for the many; but a system of education Al- summary view of these disputed matters may from these islands towards its advancement is not intended solely for the many; it has to since Locke and Berkeley has, until very lately, kindle the aspirations and aid the efforts of and much of it even in the present generation, those who are destined to stand forth as thinkproceeded from Scottish authors and Scottish ers above the multitude; and for these there is professors. Psychology, in truth, is simply the hardly to be found any discipline comparable to knowledge of the laws of human nature. If that which these metaphysical controversies afthere is anything that deserves to be studied ford. by man, it is his own nature and that of his fellow men and if it is worth studying at all, it is worth studying scientifically, so as to reach the fundamental laws which underlie and gov- an iceberg has been successfully repaired, and the The broken cable which was recently injured by ern all the rest. With regard to the suitable-electrical communication through it between the ness of this subject for general education, a distinction must be made. There are certain considered as reliable as though no damage had octwo continents is completely restored, and may be observed laws of our thoughts and of our feel withstanding its heavy iron armor, for a length of ings which rest upon experimental evidence, 120 feet. It was found to be absolutely crushed, notand, once seized, are a clue to the interpretation of much that we are conscious of in ourselves, and observe in one another. Such, example, are the laws of association. Psycholofor gy, so far as it consists of such laws-I speak of the laws themselves, not of their disputed applications-is as positive and certain a science as chemistry, and fit to be taught as such. When, however, we pass beyond the bounds of these admitted truths, to question which are still in controversy among the different philosophical schools-how far the higher operations of the mind can be explained by association, how far we must admit other primary principles-what faculties of the mind are simple, what complex, and what is the composition of the latter above all, when we embark upon the sea of metaphysics properly so called, and inquire, for instance, whether time and space are real existences, as is our spontaneous impression, or forms of our sensitive faculty, as is maintained by Kant, or complex ideas generated by association; whether matter and spirit are conceptions merely relative to our faculties, or facts existing per "se, and in the latter case,

curred.

The newspapers of South Carolina and Georgia state that the Sea Island cotton crop will be a very profitable one. Cotton mills are going up in several localities.

river, which runs through the city of Chicago, it is The attempt to build a tunnel under the Chicago announced has signally failed. The entire work lately in progress, including masonry, timber, &c., fell in with a crash, involving heavy losses to the

contractors.

is stated at from 300,000 to 350,000 persons.
The total Indian population of the United States

have an electric clock, known as the "motor clock,"
At the Greenwich Observatory, in England, they
various clocks in perfect sympathy with itself, regu-
lates clocks in London, sends signals throughout
which regulates the time in England. It maintains
the country, drops a time ball at Deal, fires guns at
Newcastle and Shields, and maintains such good
communications that the operator at Greenwich can
receive such reports of the going of distant clocks as
Greenwich time from this clock to some places in
Ireland, and during the laying of the Atlantic cable
may desire.
Electricity signals also convey
the Observatory sent signals to the Great Eastern
twice a day, to enable her constantly to determine
of less than one second, and in only one day in one
her longitude. In thirty-eight days out of one
hundred this clock is said ordinarily to have an error
hundred has it an error great as four seconds.--Ledger

he

FRIENDS' INTELLIGENCER.

"TAKE FAST HOLD OF INSTRUCTION; LET HER NOT GO; KEEP HER; FOR SHE IS THY LIFE."

REVIEW OF THE LIFE AND DISCOURSES OF spark would have produced explosion. They

"They heard Him speak of a kingdom of Justice and Righteousness, in which every man should receive the due reward of his deeds. They heard him say that his kingdom was not far off, but actually among them, hindered only by their sins and dulness from immediate apMen's souls were stirred and agi. pearance. tated. They were ripe for anything, and any peal for interference.

FRIENDS' INTELLIGENCER.

I. The Saviour's refusal to interfere. 1. He implied that it was not his part to interfere. 'Who made me a Judge, or a Divider?' It is a common saying, that religion has nothing to do with politics; and particularly there is a strong feeling current against all interference with politics by the ministers of religion. This notion rests on a basis which is partly wrong, partly right.

ture.

one.

To say that religion has nothing to do with politics, is to assert that which is simply false. It were as wise to say that the atmosphere has nothing to do with the principles of architecDirectly, nothing-indirectly, much. Some kinds of stone are so friable, that though they will last for centuries in a dry climate, they will crumble away in a few years in a damp There are some temperatures in which a form of building is indispensable which in another would be unbearable. doors, windows, apartments, all depend upon The shape of the air that is to be admitted or excluded. Nay, it is for the very sake of procuring a habitable atmosphere within certain limits that architecture exists at all. The atmospheric laws are distinct from the laws of architecture; but there is not an architectural question into which atmospheric considerations do not enter as conditions of the question.

That which the air is to architecture, religion is to politics. It is the vital air of every question. Directly it determines nothing-indirectly, it conditions every problem that can arise. 'The kingdoms of this world must become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ.' How, if His Spirit is not to mingle with political and social truths?

Nevertheless, in the popular idea that religion as such must not be mixed with politics there is a profound truth. Here, for instance, the Saviour will not meddle with the question. stands aloof, sublime and dignified. It was no He part of His to take from the oppressor and give to the oppressed, much less to encourage the oppressed to take from the oppressor himself. It was His part to forbid oppression. It was a Judge's part to decide what oppression was. was not His office to determine the boundaries It of civil right, nor to lay down the rules of the descent of property. Of course, there was a spiritual and moral principle involved in this question. But He would not suffer His sublime mission to degenerate into the mere task of deciding casuistry.

He asserted principles of love, unselfishness, order, which would decide all questions; but the questions themselves He would not decide. He would lay down the great political principle, Render unto Cæsar the things that be Caesar's, and unto God the things which are God's.' But He would not determine whether this particular tax was due to Cæsar or not.

and Truth, is one of the weightier matters of
So, too, He would say, Justice, like Mercy
the law; but He would not decide whether, in
this definite case, this or that brother had jus
tice on his side. It was for themselves to de-
termine that, and in that determination lay their
responsibility

And thus religion deals with men, not cases;
with human hearts, not casuistry.

out of which no doubt the best government
Christianity determines general principles,
would surely spring; but what the best gov-
ernment is it does not determine whether
Monarchy or a Republic, an Aristocracy or a
Democracy.

give unto your servants that which is just and
It lays down a great social law: Masters,
equal. But it is not its part to declare how
much is just and equal. It has no fixed scale
give. That it leaves to each master, and each
of wages according to which masters must
age of society.

But what are the best institutions and surest
It binds up men in a holy brotherhood.
means for arriving at this brotherhood it has
not said. In particular, it has not pronounced
whether competition or cooperation will secure
it.

is the Eternal Religion, which can never become
And hence it comes to
obsolete. If it sets itself to determine the tem-
pass that Christianity
porary and the local,-the justice of this tax,
im,-it would soon become obsolete: it would
or the exact wrongs of that conventional max-
be the religion of one century, not of all. As it
is, it commits itself to nothing except Eternal
Principles.

monarchy, or secure the franchise; to establish
It is not sent into this world to establish
socialism, or to frown it into annihilation; but
to establish a Charity, and a Moderation, and a
modify human life according to any circum-
sense of Duty, and a love of Right, which will
stances that can possibly arise.

His kingdom was one founded on spiritual dis-
2. In this refusal, again, it was implied that
dence.
position, not one of outward Law and Jurispru-

by the brothers themselves, in love, with mu-
That this lawsuit should have been decided
tual fairness, would have been much; that it
should be determined by authoritative arbitra-
tion was, spiritually speaking, nothing. The
division of their property thence resulting, was
right disposition of their hearts, and the right
Christ's kingdom. The apportionment of their
property by another's division had nothing to do
with Bis kingdom."

The great problem which lies before Europe for
"To apply this to the question of the
solution is, or will be, this: Whether the pres-
day.
ent possessors of the soil have an exclusive right

to do what they will with their own; or whether a larger claim may be put in by the workman for a share in the profits? Whether Capital has hitherto given to Labor its just part or not? Labor is at present making an appeal, like that of this petitioner, to the Church, to the Bible, to God. 'Master, speak unto my brother, that he divide the inheritance with me.'

to the same book triumphantly, as if it were exclusively on their side: its peculiar blessedness consisting in this-that it commands the rich to divide the inheritance, and the ruler to impose nothing that is unjust.

In either of these cases, Christianity is degraded, and the B.ble mi ue!. They are not as they have been made-O shame!-for centuries, the servile defenders of Rank and Wealth, nor are they the pliant advocates of discontent and

The Bible takes neither the part of the poor against the rich exclusively, nor that of the rich against the poor; and this because it proclaims a real, deep, true, and not a revolutionary brotherhood.

Now, in the mere setting of that question to rest, Christianity is not interested. That land-rebellion. lords should become more I beral, and employers more merciful, that tenants should be more honorable, and workmen more unselfish,-that would be indeed a glorious thing, a triumph of Christ's cause; and any arrangement of the in heritance thence resulting would be a real coming of the kingdom. But whether the soil of the country and its capital shall remain the property of the rich, or become more available for the poor, the rich and the poor remaining as selfish as before;-whether the selfish rich shall be able to keep, or the selfish poor to take, is a matter, religiously speaking, of profound indifference. Which of the brothers shall have the inheritance, the monopolist or the covetous? Either-neither; who cares? Fifty years hence, what will it matter? But a hun dred thousand years hence it will matter whether they settled the question by mutual generosity and forbearance.

3. I remark a third thing. He refused to be the friend of one, because He was the friend of both. He never was the champion of a class, because He was the champion of Humanity.

We may take for granted that the petitioner was an injured man,-one, at all events, who thought himself injured; and Christ had often Laught the spirit which would have made his brother right him but He refused to take his part against his brother, just because he was his brother, Christ's servant, and one of God's family, as well as he.

And this was His spirit always. The Pharisees thought to commit Him to a side, when they asked whether it was lawful to give tribute to Cæsar or not. But He would take no sides as the Christ: neither the part of the government against the tax-payers, nor the part of the tax-payers against the government.

Now, it is a common thing to hear of the rights of man, a glorious and a true saying; but, as commonly used, the expression only means the rights of a section or a class of men. And it is very worthy of remark, that in these social quarrels both sides appeal to Christ and to the Bible as the champions of their rights, precisely in the same way in which this man appealed to Him. One class appeal to the Bible, as if it were the great Arbiter which decrees that the poor shall be humble, and the subject submissive; and the other class appeal

The brotherhood of which we hear so much is often only a one sided brotherhood. It demands that the rich shall treat the poor as brothers. It has a right to do so. It is a brave and a just demand: but it forgets that the obligation is mutual; that, in spite of his many faults, the rich man is the poor man's brother, and that the poor man is bound to recognize him and feel for him as a brother.

It requires that every candid allowance shall be made for the vices of the poorer classes, in virtue of the circumstances which, so to speak, seem to make such vices inevitable for their harlotry, their drunkenness, their uncleanness, their insubordination. Let it enforce that demand; it may and must do it in the name of Christ. He was mercifully and mournfully gentle to those who, through terrible temptation and social injustice, had sunk; and sunk into misery at least as much as into sin. But, then, let it not be forgotten that some sympathy must be also due, on the same score of circumstances, to the rich man. Wealth has its temptations,-so has power. The vices of the rich are his forgetfulness of responsibility, his indolence, his extravagance, his ignorauce of wretchedness. These must be looked upon, not, certainly, with weak excuses, but with a brother's eye, by the poor man, if he will assert a brotherhood. It is not just to attribute all to circumstances in the one case, and nothing in. the other. It is not brotherhood to say that the laborer does wrong because he is tempted, and the man of wealth because he is intrinsically bad.

II. The Source to which He traced this appeal for a division."

"Covetousness: the covetousness of all. Of the oppressed as well as the oppressor; for the cry, Divide,' has its root in covetousness just as truly as I will not.' There are no innocent classes; no devils who oppress, and angels who are oppressed. The guilt of a false social state must be equally divided.

We will consider somewhat more deeply this covetuousness. In the original the word is a