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Preface to the Third Edition Foreword AcknowledgementsSection I: Basic Concepts1 Introduction to Medical Imaging 1.1 The Modalities 1.2 Image Properties2 Radiation and the Atom 2.1 Radiation 2.2 Structure of the Atom3 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 3.1 Particle Interactions 3.2 X-ray and Gamma-Ray Interactions 3.3 Attenuation of x-rays and Gamma Rays 3.4 Absorption of Energy from X-rays and Gamma Rays 3.5 Imparted Energy, Equivalent Dose, and Effective Dose4 Image Quality 4.1 Spatial Resolution 4.2 Convolution 4.3 Physical Mechanisms of Blurring 4.4 The Frequency Domain 4.5 Contrast Resolution 4.6 Noise Texture: The Noise Power Spectrum 4.7 Contrast 4.8 Contrast-to-Noise Ratio 4.9 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 4.10 Contrast-Detail Diagrams 4.11 Detective Quantum Efficiency 4.12 Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves5 Medical Imaging Informatics 5.1 Analog and Digital Representation of Data 5.2 Digital Radiological Images 5.3 Digital Computers 5.4 Information Storage Devices 5.5 Display of Digital Images 5.6 Computer Networks 5.7 PACS and Teleradiology 5.8 Image Processing 5.9 Security, Including AvailablilitySection II: Diagnostic Radiology6 x-ray Production, X-ray Tubes, and x-ray Generators 6.1 Production of x-rays 6.2 x-ray Tubes 6.3 x-ray Generators 6.4 Power Ratings and Heat Loading and Cooling 6.5 Factors Affecting x-ray Emission7 Radiography 7.1 Geometry of Projection Radiography 7.2 Screen-Film Radiography 7.3 Computed Radiography 7.4 Charge-Coupled Device and Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor detectors 7.5 Flat Panel Thin-Film-Transistor Array Detectors 7.6 Technique Factors in Radiography 7.7 Scintillators and Intensifying Screens 7.8 Absorption Efficiency and Conversion Efficiency 7.9 Other Considerations 7.10 Radiographic Detectors, Patient Dose, and Exposure Index 7.11 Dual-Energy Radiography 7.12 Scattered Radiation in Projection Radiographic Imaging 8 Mammography 8.1 x-ray Tube and Beam Filtration 8.2 x-ray Generator and Phototimer System 8.3 Compression, Scattered Radiation, and Magnification 8.4 Screen-Film Cassettes and Film Processing 8.5 Digital Mammography 8.6 Radiation Dosimetry 8.7 Regulatory Requirements9 Fluoroscopy 9.1 Functionality 9.2 Fluoroscopic Imaging Chain Components 9.3 Fluoroscopic Detector Systems 9.4 Automatic Exposure Rate Control 9.5 Fluoroscopy Modes of Operation 9.6 Image Quality in Fluoroscopy 9.7 Fluoroscopy Suites 9.8 Radiation Dose10 Computed Tomography 10.1 Clinical Use 10.2 CT System Designs 10.3 Modes of CT Acquisition 10.4 CT Reconstruction 10.5 Image Quality in CT 10.6 CT Image Artifacts 10.7 CT Generations11 X-ray Dosimetry in Projection Imaging and Computed Tomography 11.1 Attenuation of X-rays in Tissue 11.2 Dose-Related Metrics in Radiography and Fluoroscopy 11.3 Monte Carlo Dose Computation 11.4 Equivalent Dose 11.5 Organ Doses from X-ray Procedures 11.6 Effective Dose 11.7 Absorbed Dose in Radiography and Fluoroscopy 11.8 CT Dosimetry and Organ Doses 11.9 Computation of Radiation Risk to the Generic Patient 11.10 Computation of Patient-Specific Radiation Risk Estimates 11.11 Diagnostic Reference Levels 11.12 Increasing Radiation Burden from Medical Imaging 11.13 Summary: Dose Estimation in Patients12 Magnetic Resonance Basics: Magnetic Fields, Nuclear Magnetic Characteristics, Tissue Contrast, Image Acquisition 12.1 Magnetism, Magnetic Fields, and Magnets 12.2 The Magnetic Resonance Signal 12.3 Magnetization Properties of Tissues 12.4 Basic Acquisition Parameters 12.5 Basic Pulse Sequences 12.6 MR Signal Localization 12.7 “K-Space” Data Acquisition and Image Reconstruction 12.8 Summary13 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Advanced Image Acquisition Methods, Artifacts, Spectroscopy, Quality Control, Siting, Bioeffects, and Safety 13.1 Image Acquisition Time 13.2 MR Image Characteristics 13.3 Signal from Flow 13.3 Perfusion and Diffusion Contrast Imaging 13.4 Magnetization Transfer Contrast 13.5 MR Artifacts 13.6 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 13.7 Ancillary Components 13.8 Magnet Siting, Quality Control 13.9 MR Bioeffects and Safety 13.10 Summary14 Ultrasound 14.1 Characteristics of Sound 14.2 Interactions of Ultrasound with Matter 14.3 Ultrasound Transducers 14.4 Ultrasound Beam Properties 14.5 Image Data Acquisition 14.6 Two-Dimensional Image Display and Storage 14.7 Doppler Ultrasound 14.8 Miscellaneous Ultrasound Capabilities 14.9 Ultrasound Image Quality and Artifacts 14.10 Ultrasound System Performance and Quality Assurance 14.11 Acoustic Power and Bioeffects 14.12 SummarySection III: Nuclear Medicine 15 Radioactivity and Nuclear Transformation 15.1 Radionuclide Decay Terms and Relationships 15.2 Nuclear Transformation 16 Radionuclide Production, Radiopharmaceuticals, and Internal Dosimetry 16.1 Radionuclide Production 16.2 Radiopharmaceuticals 16.3 Internal Dosimetry 16.4 Regulatory Issues17 Radiation Detection and Measurement 17.1 Types of Detectors and Basic Principles 17.2 Gas-Filled Detectors 17.3 Scintillation Detectors 17.4 Semiconductor Detectors 17.5 Pulse Height Spectroscopy 17.6 Nonimaging Detector Applications 17.7 Counting Statistics18 Nuclear Imaging—The Scintillation Camera 18.1 Planar Nuclear Imaging: The Anger Scintillation Camera 18.2 Computers in Nuclear Imaging19 Nuclear Imaging—Emission Tomography 19.1 Focal Plane Tomography in Nuclear Medicine 19.2 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 19.3 Positron Emission Tomography 19.4 Dual Modality Imaging—SPECT/CT, PET/CT, and PET/MRI 19.5 Clinical Aspects, Comparison of PET and SPECT, and DoseSection IV: Radiation Biology and Protection 20 Radiation Biology 20.1 Overview 20.2 Interaction of Radiation with Tissue 20.3 Molecular and Cellular Response to Radiation 20.4 Organ System Response to Radiation 20.5 Whole Body Response to Radiation: The Acute Radiation Syndrome 20.6 Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis 20.7 Hereditary Effects of Radiation Exposure 20.8 Radiation Effects In Utero21 Radiation Protection 21.1 Sources of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation 21.2 Personnel Dosimetry 21.3 Radiation Detection Equipment in Radiation Safety 21.4 Fundamental Principles and Methods of Exposure Control 21.5 Structural Shielding of Imaging Facilities 21.6 Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional X-ray Imaging 21.7 Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine 21.8 Regulatory Agencies and Radiation Exposure Limits 21.9 Prevention of Errors 21.10 Management of Radiation Safety Programs 21.11 Imaging of Pregnant and Potentially Pregnant Patients 21.12 Medical Emergencies Involving Ionizing RadiationSection V: Appendices A Fundamental Principles of Physics B Digital Computers E Effective Doses, C Physical Constants, Prefixes, Geometry, Conversion Factors, and Radiologic Data D Mass Attenuation Coefficients Organ Doses, and Fetal Doses from Medical Imaging Procedures F Radiopharmaceutical Characteristics and Dosimetry G Convolution and Fourier Transforms H Radiation Dose: Perspectives and Comparisons I Radionuclide Therapy Home Care GuidelinesIndex

Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

A guide to the fundamental principles of medical imaging physics, radiation protection and radiation biology, with complex topics presented in the clear and concise manner and style for which these authors are known. It is suitable for medical imaging professionals, and teachers and students in medical physics and biomedical engineering.

The essential physics of medical imaging